Gene and the Genetics of basic Metabolism
Storing Genetic information
Protecting the genes
- Most DNA is stored in the nucleus, protected from cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope
- Histone proteins hold most nuclear DNA in an inert, resistant form
- DNA does not directly participate in protein synthesis. instead DNA have messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule
The Genetic Code 
nucleosomes- spherical structures that is formed when histones aggregates and DNA wraps around them
chromatin- dense DNA/protein enzyme that cannot be penetrate
DNAases- digesting enzymes
The Structure of Genes
Stop codons- condons UAA, UAG, & UGA
Start codons- codon AUG
Codons- it is necessary for nucleotide to read and used in groups of three; 64possible triplets
genes are composed of a structural region that actually codes for amino acid sequence & promoter
multiple codons exist for most amino acids, the genetic code is said to be degenerate
Transcription of Genes
the process of creating RNA after RNA polymerase binds and encounters the start signal
Protein synthesis
Ribosomes
genetic messenger mRNA
80S- ribosomes found in eukaryotes
70S- ribosomes found in prokaryotes
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tRNA
mRNA
Control of protein levels - Termination of Translation
Viruses
Analysis of Genes & Recombinant DNA techniques
Restriction Endonuclease
Nucleic Acid Hybdrization
breaks hydrogen bonds
reformation of double stranded DNA by cooling
activation/inactivation of protein
rate of translation
transport of tRNA
binding of mRNAs to sub-units
processing of protein
Formation of New Virus Particle
Plant Disease
Structure
plant virus
split genome viruses
retro virus
Virus metabolism
bacteriophage- virus that attack bacteria
virus attack all including plant
some assemble into new particles
tertiary structure binds to viral DNA to attract more viral protein
detection can be difficult
heat treatment inactive some viruses
infect through wounds then divert the nucleic acids
DNA
Amino Acids