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Integumentary System (Function of the Integumentary System (Sensation…
Integumentary System
Function of the Integumentary System
Regulate the body temperature
Dilate (expand) surface blood vessels
Sweating (sweat covers surface of skin and evaporates, carrying away heat)
Surface vessels constrict (close up)
Shivering (fast surface muscle contraction creates heat)
Sensation
Touch
Vibration
Pain
Temperature
Excretion
Rids body of waste in form of urea (sweat)
Synthesis of vitamin D
Infections
Athlete's foot
Causes: Fungal infection caused by contact with damp surfaces such as shower floors, shoes, locker rooms, pools
Symptoms: Red, cracked, burning, itching, peeling skin between toes
Treatment: antifungal ointment or cream to kill fungus
Boils and Carbuncles
Causes: Infection causing inflammation of hair follicles and sebceous glands by bacteria from friction with clothing or shaving
Symptoms: Red, hot, painful, swollen lump or mass around skin of back and nape of neck, infected area fills up with fluid, puss, and dead tissue, may cause fever if severe
Treatment: Place warm moist cloth on affected area to drain, antibacterial soap or antibiotic medication may be prescribed: do not squeeze or cut open which can spread infection
Cold sore= fever blister
Cause: Herpes simplex virus type 1, triggered by exposure to UV rays or stress, spread by kissing
Symptoms: Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting usually around mouth or lips
Treatment: No cure, symptoms can be helped with antiviral medications or cream for the sore
Impetigo
Cause: Staphylococus bacterial usually in children
Symptoms: Pink water-filled, raised lesions (around mouth and nose) that develop to yellow crust and eventually rupture
Treatment: Antibacterial soap or cream, may require antibiotics medication if condition is severe
Contact Dermatitis
Cause: Exposure to chemicals (poison ivy) causes allergic reaction
Symptoms: Itching, redness, and swelling of skin; progressing to blisters
Treatment: Corticosteroid cream or antihistamine medication
Psoriasis
Cause: Unknown, can be triggered by trauma, infection, stress
Symptoms: Reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales
Treatment: Corticosteroid cream, light treatment, oral medication
Layers of Epidermis (Structures and Functions of Structures)
Stratum Corneum
20-30 layers tightly packed of fat cells full of keratin
Keratin is waterproof, protect against a brasion
Cells are shed
Takes about 2-4 weeks
Stratum Lucidum
2-3 layer keratinocytes
More apparent in thick skin such as palms of hands and soles of feet
Stratum Granulosum
3-5 layers keratinocytes
Keratinized (from keratin) beings here
Cells beginning to die
Stratum Spinosum
Several layers thick keratinocytes from stratum basale, take in melanin
"Spiny" apperance
Stratum Bosaic (Stratum Germinativum)
Deepest layer
Separates dermis from epidermis
Attached to basement membrane
Stem cells that produce new epithelial cells
Oldest cell towards superficial or top of skin
Newest cell towards bottom or deepest layer
Contain stem cells of kertainocyte
Most abundant cells of epidermis
Found throughout all layers
Contain Melanocyte
Produce brown/yellow pigment melanin
Same # of melanocytes for all races
Skin color due to difference of melanin production
Body Membranes
Cutaneous Membrane
Location: Major organs of integumentary system, covers body surface
Tissue: Made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium underneath is dense CT
Mucous Membrane
Location: Lines cavities that open to exterior
Tissue: Layer of epithelium over loose CT; epithelium varies with location
Function: Absorption and secretion; produce mucus
Serous Membrane
Location: Line cavities and cover organs closed to exterior
Tissue: Simple squamous epithelium over loose connective tissue
Function: Secrete a serous fluid for lubrication
Synovial Membrane
Location: Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
Function: Produce synovial fluid (reduces friction between joints)
Tissue: Connective tissue only
Layers of Skin
Subcutaneous
Areolar and adipose connective tissue
Anchors skin to structures below
Dermis
Function: Highly vascular, support avascular epidermis and regulates body temperature
Contains: Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers, fibroblasts
Epidermis
Very top outer layer
Protective coating
Layers of Dermis (Structure and Functions of the Dermis Structures)
Reticular Layer
Provides strength to skin
Dense irregular connective tissue
Contains sebaceous (oil) glands, hair follicles, ducts of sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Pacinian corpuscles
Nerve endings for deep pressure and vibration
Looks like sliced onions
Hypodermis
Subcutaneous Layer
Not part of skin
Areolar and adipose connective tissue
Anchors skin to structures below
Insulation (keep body warm) varies by location, gender, life style
Papillary Layer
Provide support for epidermis
20% of dermis - Areolar connective tissue
Dermal papillae - tight connection, anchors, epidermis to the dermis, and creates fingerprints
Free nerve endings - pain and temperature
Meissner's corpuscles - nerve endings for light touch in fingers and toes
Accessory Organ (Hair, Nail, Glands Structures and Functions)
Hair
Flexible stand of dead heavily keratinized epithelial cells
Function: Thermoregulation, protection, touch sense, keeps dirt out
Located in pocket of skin, hair follicle, space where hair sits in
Hair root
Portion of hair underneath the skin
Hair shaft
Portion of hair above skin
Hair follicle
Dermal and epidermal sheath (thin covering) surrounds hair root
Hair bulb
Enlarging base of hair
Hair papilla
Base of root, made of connective tissue, contains capillary loop, blood vessels that provide nutrients
Hair matrix
Surrounds hair papilla (hair growth)
Nail
Plates of highly packed, keratinized cells
Function: Protection, scratching, and grasping
Free edge- portion of nail hanging over nail bed
Body- attached portion of nail
Root- Portion embedded in the skin
Cuticle- skin and nail attach
Nail bed- Underneath the nail
Nail matrix- Of nail production
Lunula- Moon-shape close to cuticle
Skin Endocrine Glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Usually connected to hair follicles
Produces sebum (oil)
Function: Moisten hair and waterproof skin, antibacterial and antifungal effect
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Two types
Eccrine sweat glands
Main function is to cool the body
Excretion of waste such as urea, uric acid, and ammonia
Apocrine sweat glands
Associated with hair follicles
Functional at puberty, may be associated with pheromones (chemical released to attract males)
Associated with emotional stimuli
Location: Limited to axilla, genitalia, areola, nipple, and perianal region
Body odor occurs when broken down by bacteria
Ceruminous glands
Modified sudoriferous glands
Secret cerumen (ear wax)
Mammary glands
Secrete milk
Skin Cancers
Basal cell carcinoma
Least malignant
Most common type
Arises from stratum basale
Squamous cell carcinoma
Arises from stratum spinosum
Metastasizes to lymph nodes
Early removal allows a good chance of cure
Malignant Melanoma
Most deadly of skin cancer
Cancer of melanocytes
Metalizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
Detection uses ABCD rule
Burns
First degree burn
Only epidermis is damaged
Erythema (redness), mild edema (swelling), surface layer shed
Healing in few days to two weeks
No scarring
Second degree burn
Destroys epidermis and upper part of dermis
Blisters form
No scars or litter scarring if infected
Third degree burn
Destroys epidermis, dermis, and accessory organs of the skin
Appears white, red, or blackhead
Extensive scarring
Skin grafting (healthy skin replace damaged skin) may be needed