Chapter 27
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Treatmeant
Adaptation and resistance
Common shapes for prokaryotic bacteria are Cocci (spheres), Bacilli (rod shaped), and Spirilla (spiral).
Water is a bacteria's best friend while salt is its enemy due to the fact that water helps with the reproduction phase.
Something very important for the prokaryotes are the cell walls which prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment.
Salt causes the cells to lose their water and it dries them out making them much less effective.
Peptidoglycan is whats in the cell walls of prokaryotic cells.
This covers the entire cell wall and it helps anchor other molecules that extend from its surface.
Gram staining, we did it in a lab, is what lets is know if a bacteria is positive or negative.
The thinner the wall is the more likely that the bacteria is going to be negative and the opposite if the wall is thicker.
This has a big use in the medical field in determining what is wrong with your patient and how to treat them
Gram negative bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics because they try to impede the entrance into the cell.
The effectiveness of antibiotics is determined by how they can inhibit peptidoglycan cross linking.
This is all based upon on how some antibiotics can destroy the bacteria and not the human cells.
They have a layer of slime on the outside which helps prevent dehydration and also as a shield from attacks of the hosts immune system.
Endospores are basically the way they can survive a long time, by turning hard, losing water, and slowing their metabolism.
Fimbriae are protein spikes that allow prokaryotes attach to any surface.
Are wayyyyyyy more complex than prokaryotes.
Have DNA enclosed in a nucleus. Usually has more genetic material.
Plasma membranes and have linear chromosomes
prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller and differ in their protein and RNA making antibiotics such as erythromycin and tetracycline to bind to ribosomes and block protein synthesis.
This is why antibiotics work way better in prokayotes.
Use binary fission to produce so quick.
Reproduction takes two partners called mitosis and its sexually.
The plasma membranes help surround and protect the organs within the cell.
The DNA is passed down on to the offspring.
Genetic recombination is the combining of DNA from two sources and this brings variety into the prokaryotes.
Conjugation is when two prokaryotic cells are temporarily joined and DNA is transferred between the cells.
Transduction phages from the cell that went through transformation carry those genes to a new cell to infect.
Transformation is the geno and phenotype of prokaryotic cells are altered by the bringing in of new DNA and changes it into something more deadly.
When transduction happens most of the time its on accident that occurs during the phage replicative cycle.
When this happens its because the cell wasn't able to reproduce on its own so it sends out its genetic material and it attaches to another cell.
The way it works is one cell donated the DNA and the other always receives it.
A sex pilus is always used and its what hold the two cells together and its a tube and inside of the tube the DNA gets transferred between the two cells.
The way that happens is a nonpathogenic cell takes a piece of DNA carrying and allele and it replaces it with its own.
Since it now has DNA from two different cells is counts as a recombinant and it is now a virus.
This is how viruses become diverse and eventually become resistant to the antibiotics.