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CHAPTER 27 (structural and functional adaption (frimbae (hairlike…
CHAPTER 27
structural and functional adaption
frimbae
hairlike appendages that helps the cells adhere to other cells or to the substrate
capsule
sticky layer of polysaccharides or protein that can help cell adherence and or evasion of a host's immune system
cell wall
found nearly in all prokaryotes, structure differs in gram positive and gram negative bacteria, most bacteria cell walls contain peptidoglycan
circular chromosome
often accompanied by smaller rings if DNA called plasmids
pilus
appendages that facilitates conjugation
internal organistion
no nucleus or other membrane organelles; no complex compartmentalization
flagella
structures used by most motile bacteria for propulsion; many species can move toward or away from certain stimuli
prokaryotes
they are unicellular
has no nucleus
has cell wall and lacks organelles
has ribosomes
has membrane made of phospholipids chains with cholesterol and protein inbetween
eukaryotes
multicellular
has a nucleus
lack cell wall and and has organelles
has ribosomes
has membrane made of phospholipid chains with cholesterol and protein in between
nutritional diversity and metabolism
prokaryotic metabolism varies with oxygen
autotroph
photoautotroph
energy source is light
carbon source is carbondioxide and hydrocarbonate or related compounds
types of organism; photosynthetic prokaryotes (ex: cyanobacteria); plants; certain protist(ex: algae)
chemoautotroph
energy source is inorganic chemicals (H2S, NH3, )
carbon source CO2, hydrocarbonate or related compounds
types of organism; unique to certain prokaryotes(sulfolobus)
heterotroph
photoheterotroph
energy source is light
carbon source is organic compounds
types of organism;unique to certain aquatic and salt-loving prokaryotes(Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus)
chemoheterotroph
energy source is organic compounds
carbon source is organic compounds
types of organism; many prokaryotes (Clostridium), Protist, fungi animals and some plants
nitrogen fixatio
its the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to Ammonia by the use of cyanobacteria and some methanogens
domains of life
bacteria
have no nuclear envelope
has no membrane closed organelles
has peptidoglycan in cell wall
has one kind of RNA polymerase
has membrane lipids(unbranched hydrocarbons)
introns in genes are very rare
has circular chromosome
initiator amino acid for protein synthesis is formyl-methionine
absence of histones associated with DNA
archaea
has no nuclear envelope
has no peptidoglycan in cell wall
has no membrane closed organelles
has membrane lipids (some branched hydrocarbons)
intron in genes; present in some genes
has circular chromosome
has several kinds of RNA polymerase
initiator amino acid for protein synthesis is methionine
some grow at a temperature greater than 100 degrees celsus
eukarya
has nuclear envelope
has membrane closed organelles
has no peptidoglycan in cell wall
membrane lipids (unbranched hydrocarbon)
intron in genes; present in many genes
initiator amino acid for protein synthesis is methionine
has no circular chromosomes
histones associated with DNA are present
Genetic diversity of prokaryotes
rapid production and mutation
prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually
Escherichia coli
reproduces by binary fission in a human intestine, one of its natural environment
after repeated rounds of division, the off springs cells are genetically identical
if errors occur during DNA replication , some of the off springs cells will differ genetically
genetic combination
transformation
it occurs when a nonpathogenic cells takes up a piece DNA carrying the allele for parthogenicity and replaces its own allele with the foreign allele.
its chromosome contains DNA derived from two different cells
DNA can be incorporated into the genome by homologous DNA exchange
transduction
it result from accidents that occur during the phage replicative cycle
DNA incorporated into the recipient cell's chromosome by crossing over, a recombinant cell is formed
conjugation
DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined
one cell donates and one recieves