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Nutrient and Metabolism (Exercise (pancres (glucagon (glucose↑ (into…
Nutrient and Metabolism
Carbohydrates
Anabolism and Catabolism
Hormonal Control
α cells
glucagon
stimulates glycogen breakdown
↑ gluconeogensis
Catecholamines
Diminish glucose uptake by cells
Maintain blood glucose level during stress
↑ glycogen breakdown
β cells
insulin
Stimulates glucose uptake by cells
Inhibits gluconeogenesis
Stimulates glycogenesis
glucose↑：insulin↓、↑glucagon
Pre-diabetes
：
IGT abnormal and IFG abnormal(between normal glucose metabolism and the onset of diabetes)
GDM：Most likely precipitated by the presence of placental hormones
Type 1 diabetes
：immune-mediated or idiopathic 、absolute insulin deficiency
pancreas
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adipose tissue
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liver
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Type 2 diabetes：
relative lack of insulin,insulin are insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction
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other specific types of diabetes
Cortisol
Diminishes glucose uptake by cells
Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Anabolism↑
Obesity
Metabolic Syndrome
effect
protein
Anabolism and Catabolism
Hormonal Control
α cells
glucagon
↑ amino acids transport into hepatic cells
Stimulates protein breakdown into amino acids
β cells
insulin
Actively transports amino acids into cells
Accelerates cellular protein synthesis
Cortisol
↑protein catabolism
strees
corticosteroids and catecholamines
pancreas
glucagon
glucose↑↑
↑FFAs and inhibits glucose uptake in the periphery
liver
glycogenolysis
glucose↑↑
Exercise
pancres
glucagon
glucose↑
into muscle tissue
adipose tissue
FFA↑↑
liver
glycogenolysis
glucose↑↑
into neural tissue
