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Integumentary System. Marylen Ventura (Infections & allergies:…
Integumentary System. Marylen Ventura
Body membranes: two major types of membrane
• epithelial
• connective tissue membranes
Function of the Integumentary System: The integumentary system includes the skin and accessory organs. Its main function is to act as a barrier to protect the body. Other functions that it has is absorption, sensation, secretion, excretion and regulation.
Layers of the skin
Epidermis layer:
•(epi=upon on ) superficial
•keratinized stratified squamous epithelial
• avascular (no blood vessels)
• oxygen & nutrients diffuse fiall dermis
Dermis layer:
•(inner layer)
• Dense with fiberous CT with collagen & elastic fiber
• Much thicker
• Contains blood vessels, nerve fibers (etc.)
Hypodermis (underlying layer or subcutaneous)
•(hypo = under)
• apidose tissue
• anchors skins underlying structures
• shock absorber & insulator to reduce heat loss
•well vascular
BURNS!: Tissue damage inflicted by intense heat (fire materials), electricity, radiation (sunlight) or certain chemicals
First degree burns: burns the epidermis layer: skin turns red and swollen
Second degree burns: burns the epidermis and upper dermis layer:: skin is red with blisters
• skin grating may be needed
Third degree burns: burns the entire skin layer: high risk of fluid loss: skin grating is required
Skin cancer types
Skin cancer tumors
2 types of tumors:
• benign
-(warts) doesn't spread & grows slowly
• malignant
-(Mal = bad ) grows relentlessly & may become killer
-metastasis travels through blood
Basal cell carcinoma:
• least malignant but most common
• stratum basal cells
• occurs because of sun exposed areas of the face
Squamous cell carcinoma:
• second most common skin cancer
• affects men more than women
• grows & metastasis to lymph nodes quickly
• early removal allows a good chance for cure
Malignant melanoma:
(RARE)
• most deadly of skin cancer
• highly metastatic & resistant to chemotherapy ( hard to cure)
• melanocytes & can begin wherever there is pigment
• early detection is key to survival
Cutaneous membrane:
( superficial epithelial tissue)
•skin 15-16% body weight
•deep supportive connective tissue
•covers the whole body
Serous membranes:
(serosa)
• lines body cavitive & covers organs
• double membrane layer
2 types of tissue:
• simple squamous epithelial layer
• loose conective tissue
F: secrete serous (watery) fluid for lubrication and protection
•patietal membrane = lines body cavities
• visceral membrane = covers organs
Mucus membranes:
(mucosa)
• goblet cells present in mucus
• mucus restricted to respiratory system
• phelgm in nasal passages
• made of epithelial & connective tissue
Synovial membrane:
• connective tissue ONLY
• soft areolar
• produces synovial fluid
• lines bursac ( sac around joints )
Infections & allergies:
Athletes foot:
(fungi)
•itchy red, peeling condition
• between toes
Psoriasis:
• reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales
Cold sores:
(viral)
• small fluid filled blistered that itch & sting
•caused by herpes simplex infection
Contract dermatitis:
• caused by certain chemicals
• itches, redness & swelling of the skin progresses to a blister
Impetigo:
• pink, water filled , raised lesions
• develop around the mouth and nose
• caused by bacteria
Accessory organs
Hair:
• flexible strands produced by hair follicle
• made out of dead, keratinized cells
• melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
• not used for warmth but for sense and protects
Nails:
Nail Plate – hard part of the nail
• Free edge – Whit part at the edge
• Nail body – Visible part of the nail
• Nail root – Overhanging the skin
• Nail bed – skin under the nail plate
• Nail matrix – growth zone
• Lunule – white crescent at the end of the nail
• Cuticle– dead skin over the lunel
Sebaceous gland:
• found everywhere except on plams and soles of feet
•Bateria killing
•Stimulated by hormones and activated at puberty
• oily substance called sebum
•Blackheads caused when sebaceous gland duct is blocked
•acne caused by Bateria infection
Sudoriferous glands:
(Sweat glands)
• distributed all over the body (except the nipples, lips and some genitalia
• heat induced
• controlled by the nervous system
• emotionally induced
• Acidic nature inhibits bateria growth
TWO MAJOR TYPES
eccrine sweat glands:
• most numerous and found almost everywhere
• abundant on plams, soles and forehead
• acidic with pH between 4-6
apocrine sweat glands:
• found in axillary and genitalia area
• found in deep dermis
• orderless & appears milky or white
Layers of the epidermis:
Stratum basle:
Deepest layer
Closest to dermis
Sits on the basement membrane
Basal cells
Stratum spinosum:
•Several cells layer thick of flattened cells with bundles of Keratin
•8-10 cells thick
•Mitosis still occurs
Stratum granulsom:
Very thin region
Last layer that contains nutrients
Process of keratiniztion
Cells die
Cells flatten and toughen up
Stratum lucidum:
(clear layer)
2-3 rows of clear, flat dead cells
Visible only in thick skin
Found in palms of hands and soles of feet
Stratum corneum:
Outer most layer
20 -30 cells thick of dead cells
High levels of Keratin
Protection against abrasion and water repellant