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Muscle and tendon (Muscle (Types of Muscle (Skeletal (Muscle "…

- - - - functions
        
        joint movement
        
        joint stabilisation
        
        postural control
        
        generating heat- shivering
      - anatomical structure
        
        Gross Skeletal muscle
        
        hierarchical structure
        
        muscle belly --> fascicle (covered with epimysium )--> muscle fibres (outer: perimysium, inner: endomysium)--> myofibrils (covered by sarcolemma) --> sarcomeres
        
        multinucleated located on periphery, striated, arranged into regular parallel bundles
      - location musculoskeletal system
      - Muscle "design"
        
        size
        
        shape
        
        tendinous origins and insertions
        
        :warning: internal architecture
        
        definition: the arrangement of muscle fibres relative to the axis of force generation
        
        " Muscle architectures is a primary determinant of muscle function" (force , work, power) (lieber and blevins 1989)
        
        examples
        
        pennate muscles
        
        higher PCSA
        
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        shorter fibres
        
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        parallel muscles (run end to end, in parallel to the line of pull of the muscle)
        
        long fibres which can shorten greatly (series of sarcomeres)
        
        more potential to perform muscle work
        
        potential to increase velocity (as it is distance/ time)
        
        muscles can move joints through large ranges of motion
        
        "big movers'
        
        number of bellies
    - - maintaining cardiac rhythm
      - appearance
        
        striated, single nuclei, presence of intercalated discs,
    - - functions
        
        continence
        
        vasodilation/constriction
        
        swallowing
        
        digestion
        
        birthing
        
        mastication
        
        bronchodilation/constriction
        
        pupil dilation/ constriction
      - micro
        
        non-striated, irregular arrangement, single nucleus
      - :warning: capable of longer contractions
  - - - the push or pull of an object with mass that causes it to change velocity
      - does not necessary result in movement as holding something still (against gravitational force) is still exerting a force
    - - force X change in distance
      - = muscle moving something over a large range of motion
    - - rate of performing work (change work/ change of time)
      - speed of performing that work
- - - - elastic energy storage (spring)
        
        i.e. in horses the digital flexor tendons
      - power amplification (catapult)
        
        power amplification (speeding up energy is released)
        
        i.e. lacertus fibrosis in horses (thick elastic aponeurosis running down cranial aspect of the elbow running around and withing the biceps brachii)
    - - long tendons - short muscle fibres (this is typically seen in quadrupeds, sometimes so short they look vestigial) ie.e interosseus