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organisations, events, concepts (concepts (alliance (generally among cy…

- - - - boost to i's exports
        
        of goods which china-US imported from each other
        
        UNCTAD: i's exports to US can grow by 11 billion $ in long term
        
        companies/items benefitting
        
        others - garments, ICT, plastic, cotton, inorganic chemicals
        
        steadily growing i's steel sector - US is biggest importer - tariff on china will open way for i
      - disentanglement of US-china economy - investment in i - increase FDI
    - - total trade with US - 142 billion $ (2018)
    - - weakening of $ wil hurt trade deficit
      - global trade war - cautioned approach of investors - drop in stock markets
- - - - india in UNSC for 7 times (1st - 1950-51, 7th - 2011-12 ) - total 14 years- only for about one-fifth of time UNSC has existed
      - now rooting for years 2021-22
    - - guide UNSC away from principles of 'humanitarian interventionism' or 'responsibility to protect' towards a rule based global order- based on sustainable development and people welfare
      - push UNSC sanctions committee - to target individuals/entities warranting sanctions - issues
        
        narrowly defined national interests
        
        different countries maintain their separate sanctions list
      - develop good relations with all powers - lead the way to pursue internationalism- inclusive, constitutional and rational
      - become consensus builder- for dealing with global problems of climate change, disarmament, terrorism, trade and development.
      - more points - i to highlight
        
        international terrorism
        
        UN reforms including UNSC expansion
        
        streamline UN peace keeping operations
        
        tech initiatives
  - - - increase financial contribution - apportionment of UN expenses for each P-5 country is way more
      - involve its troops in peacekeeping operations - although india is a leading provider of peacekeepers, its assessed contribution to UN peacekeeping operations is miniscule
      - will come india's way more by invitation than by self-canvassing - india shouldn't waste its diplomatic goodwill in seeking permanent seat
    - - india cant stride global stage without maintaining stable relations with its neighbours
  - - - maintain international peace and security
      - how - impose restrictions and authorise use of force
    - - rotates and changes every month
    - - 5 permanent - UK, USA, france, russia, china
      - 10 non-permanent - 5 elected by genera assembly every year
    - - each member - 1 vote
      - permanent members - veto right
      - decision require - 9 votes including 5 of permanent members
      - party to a dispute to abstain from voting
- - - - optimistic non-alignment - issue: overlooking harsh realities, eg:
        
        going to UN regarding J&K
        
        rejecting "east west swap deal" of china - i and china to recognise aksai chin & i's eastern sector as part of china & i resp
        
        less priority to securing borders despite anticipated 1962 war
    - - recovery & realism, eg:
        
        realism
        
        1971 i-soviet friendship treaty
        
        1964 i-US defence agreement
        
        recovery
        
        despite 1962 war loss - victory in 1965 & 1971
    - - regional assertion & complexity, eg:
        
        regional assertion
        
        bangladesh creation
        
        complexity
        
        IPKF misadventure in SL
        
        i faced US-china-pak axis - sino-US rapprochement 1972 with pak as interlocutor
    - - unipolarity
        
        challenge to i's strategic autonomy
        
        of US
        
        eg:
        
        US sanctions post pokharan 2
        
        falling behind china & ASEAN in opening its market
    - - balancing power
        
        power from
        
        kargil war
        
        operation parakaram
        
        upliftment of US sanctions
        
        balance
        
        b/w US & rising china
    - - energetic engagement , eg:
        
        act east policy
        
        ISA
        
        CDRI
        
        bold move of abrogation of art 370 despite global resistance
  - - - pursuit of national interests
    - - eg: uri & dokhlam issue
    - - growing multipolarity
      - weaker multilateralism
    - - eg
        
        israel with palestine
        
        QUAD with SCO
        
        RIC(russia-i-china) with JAI(japan-america-i)
      - to enter into world of convergence to deal with contradictory approaches and objectives
  - - - hanuman's visit to ravan's empire
        
        wasnt killed by ravan - 'diplomatic immunity'
        
        projected great powerful image of ram - 'power projection'
        
        came back and gave true account of what happened - 'truthfulness'
        
        all there doctrines used today
      - kautalya's arthashastra - mandala theory
        
        what - be the friend of enemy's enemy
        
        eg
        
        ind-afghan friendly relations - to encircle pak
- - - - why - national sovereignty issues
- - - - new dev bank(NDB)
        
        equal contribution & voting rights
        
        approved 12.5 billion $ projects
      - 'contigent reserve arrangement'
        
        as alternative to IMF
        
        provide precautionary instruments & liquidity during eco crisis
        
        100 billion $ corpus - unequal contribution and unequal access
      - 'global financial messaging system'(GFMS)
        
        created by bank of russia
        
        safeguard against SWIFT
    - - "partnership on new industrial revolution"
        
        by estd science parks, innovation centres, business incubators
        
        focus on - investment, innovation, industrialisation & inclusiveness
      - elaborate dialogue structure
        
        brasilia declaration 2019 - lists 116 meetings/conferences at all levels
    - - counterterrorism working group - activities in 5 subgroups
        
        terrorist(t) financing
        
        internet use in t
        
        countering radicalisation
        
        foreign t fighters
        
        capacity building
    - - 2013 - BRICS business council - recom - trade in national currencies
      - women's business alliance
    - - i-china: i RCEP entry, trade issues, dokhlam issue
  - - - political structure
        
        brazil, i, SA - democracy
        
        china, russia - not democracy
      - level of dev
        
        china, russia - much better
    - - china & russia against other 3 countries' bid to expand UN security council
      - china not supportive of i's bid of pak's terrorism
- - - - role of geographical factors in fp
      - geo factors
        
        location
        
        eg: iran is geopolitically imp to access central asia (as we have bad realtion with pak and afghanistan has disturbed areas)
        
        resources
        
        eg: oil - if russia is selling oil, it becomes "geopolitically imp"to us
  - - - themselves strive becoming powerful in above 3 areas
      - form alliances among themselves
    - - political stability
      - economically powerful
      - militarily powerful
  - - - written formal agreement b/w = >2 countries(cy)
    - - security umbrella to weaker states
      - powerful country gets access to markets
    - - political - eg: democracy
      - economy - closed/open
      - culture - eg - religion - buddhism
  - - - policy where a cy tries to control political and eco system of other cy
    - - resources
      - market to sell
    - - colonialism
  - - - political - eg: democracy
      - economy - closed/open
      - culture - eg - religion - buddhism
    - - economy
      - tech
      - culture
      - defence products (not security umbrella - hence its one step less than alliance)
  - - - covert intelligence
        
        gathered secretly without other cy's knowledge
        
        RAW does it
      - overt intelligence
        
        gathered openly by discussion
  - - - practice to fight future scenario - war, tsunami
      - showcase strength to world
- - - - topmost decision making body
      - meets biannually
      - includes - all members
    - - acts as
        
        dispute settlement body
        
        trade policy review body
- - - - 90% by volume
      - 80% by value
  - - - highest governing body
      - all member states
      - meets once every 2 years
    - - executive organ
      - supervises IMO work
  - - - control airborne emissions form ships
    - - limit sulphur content from ship's fuel from 3.5 m/m to
        
        0.5% outside emission control area
        
        0.1% - in emission control area