Development and Human Welfare

Development

Types of development

Demographic

Social

Cutural

Political

Environmental

Democratic government

Civil liberties

Right to vote

Welfare- Access to services

Equal opportunities- No racial/age/gender discrimination

Leisure- Restricted working hours

Economic

Productivity- Efficient use of capital and labour

Employment- Secure and adequate pay

Birth Control- Right to choose the family size

Mobility- Freedom to migrate

Life expectancy- Rising with better health, hygiene and diet

Heritage- Respect and conserve

Education- Compulsory education for all

Pollution controls- Use of renewable energy

Ethnicity- Mutual respect

Biodiversity- Conserving the environment

Reduce carbon emission

Raising the standard of living

Things needed for economic development

Mineral: Needs for resources and jobs

Climate: Needed for agricultural purposes and water

Internal boosters: Governmental help for corporates and businesses

External boosters

Globalisation

Growth of TNCs (transnational Corporates)

Geopolitics

Outcomes of economic development

Sector shifts: Sector change from secondary and tertiary to more quaternary.

Higher productivity: More efficient production of goods and economic boost

Social change: More leisure and welfare

Greater mobility: The change of population and production of goods

Rising living standards: More disposable income

Better quality of life: More disposable income

Environmental impact: More pollution, more jobs in the quaternary sector to research renewable energy sources and more efficiency.

Cultural Signature: Different culture

More democracy: More freedom of choice

Quality of life

Geographical definition: The standard of physical health, mental health and satisfactory

Factors affecting quality of life:

Psychological

Physical

Social

Economical

Fair governments

Family and friends

Education

Happiness/satisfaction

Security

Mental health

Housings

Services/utilities

Diet

Healthcare

Standard of living

Income

Jobs

Cycle of wealth

Wealth creation --> Wealth enhancement --> Wealth preservation --> Wealth distribution --> Wealth creation --> ...

Relationships between quality of life and disposable income

More disposable income there is, better the quality of life. This is because there is more money that can be used for one's leisure/benefits.

Vocabulary

TNC: Transnational corporation

Disposable income: The income remaining after tax deduction and social charges.

Increased quality of life leads to economic development. This is because people have secure and stable jobs. More income means more tax collection. This also shows that tax and disposable income are linked.

Resources affecting development

Human resources

Natural resources

Water

Climate

Land space

Raw materials

Fertile soil

Technology

Infrastructure

Industries

Healthcare

Education

NEXUS

Energy

Food

Water

If the energy supplies are interrupted, the infrastructure and technology to produce clean water and food will be limited.

Most important?

Gender equality

Gender equality can help boost an area's economic development. This is because women can earn money as much as men, increasing the distribution of money.

Problems facing the quality of life around the world

Water security

Food security

Highest risk: Eastern African countries like Chad, Ethiopia and DRC

Lowest risk: Northern America (Canada), Northern Europe and Russia

Lowest risk: USA, Canada, Australia and Western Europe

Highest risk: Somalia, Niger, Iraq, Pakistan

As the world population grows, the global food industries face a challenge. The quality of life increases in many areas, increasing the demand of high quality food, especially meat. However with the population increase, there are little land space that can be used for agricultural purposes.

Features of countries with high water security: good governing, transboundary corporation, peace and political stability and appropriate financing

Good water security means provision of freshwater for the population, conservation of ecosystem, adaptation to climate change and provision of water for economic purposes.

Distribution of development

HDI difference

click to edit

GDP difference

click to edit

GDP per capita: Gross Domestic Product per capita. Used for calculating economic activity (average).

Highest GDP countries are located in Northern America, Western Europe, Middle East and Eastern Asia and Oceania.

Lower GDP countries are located in Southern America, Central Africa and South East Asia.

Good soil: for agricultural purposes

Stages of development

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Stage 5

Primary sector peak/ secondary & tertiary low (secondary higher than tertiary

Primary sector decreases/ secondary and tertiary increase in similar rate

Primary sector is the only sector

Primary sector lower than secondary/ tertiary sector higher than secondary after

Primary sector keeps decreasing/ secondary and tertiary increases/ quaternary sector appears and increases

For a LIC to enter an industrial phase, the secondary and tertiary sectors must increase.

Sector shifts link to economic development as more people in the higher sector means more income.

High birth and death rates. They are correlated. The population is small. Birth rates may be high but the death rate is just as high. They interweave because they notice changes a few decades later. For example, if the death rate increases, then the people will notice this only a few decades after and the birth rate increases. However, by this time, the death rate has decreased as there are fewer people to die. This continues.

The death rate decreases significantly as medicine and healthcare improve. However, people won't notice this until a few decades later. This leads to a surge in population increase.

The people notice the fall of death rates and the birth rate decreases. By this time, the population has increased by a large amount.

The population increase starts to slow down. The rate of population increase is decreased as the birth rate fall as much as the death rate. The interweaving of birth and death rates start again.

Very few countries have reached this stage. Japan and Germany are one of the few to mention. The population will start to decrease as the old people from stage 4 dies out. The birth rate is still consistent as people have not noticed.

Highest HDI countries are located in Northern America, Western Europe, Middle East and Eastern Asia and Oceania.

Lowest HDI countries are located in Central Africa and Southern Asia.

HDI: Human Development Index. Used to measure human development and quality of life.

GDP = consumption + investment + government expenditure + exports – imports.

HDI =

Development gap: The difference in the quality of life between the area of high development and low development.