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Development and Human Welfare (Vocabulary (TNC: Transnational corporation,…
Development and Human Welfare
Development
Types of development
Demographic
Birth Control- Right to choose the family size
Mobility- Freedom to migrate
Life expectancy- Rising with better health, hygiene and diet
Social
Welfare- Access to services
Equal opportunities- No racial/age/gender discrimination
Leisure- Restricted working hours
Cutural
Heritage- Respect and conserve
Education- Compulsory education for all
Ethnicity- Mutual respect
Political
Democratic government
Civil liberties
Right to vote
Environmental
Pollution controls- Use of renewable energy
Biodiversity- Conserving the environment
Reduce carbon emission
Economic
Productivity- Efficient use of capital and labour
Employment- Secure and adequate pay
Raising the standard of living
Things needed for economic development
Mineral: Needs for resources and jobs
Climate: Needed for agricultural purposes and water
Internal boosters: Governmental help for corporates and businesses
External boosters
Globalisation
Growth of TNCs (transnational Corporates)
Geopolitics
Good soil: for agricultural purposes
Outcomes of economic development
Sector shifts: Sector change from secondary and tertiary to more quaternary.
Higher productivity: More efficient production of goods and economic boost
Social change: More leisure and welfare
Greater mobility: The change of population and production of goods
Rising living standards: More disposable income
Better quality of life: More disposable income
Environmental impact: More pollution, more jobs in the quaternary sector to research renewable energy sources and more efficiency.
Cultural Signature: Different culture
More democracy: More freedom of choice
Stages of development
Stage 1
Primary sector is the only sector
High birth and death rates. They are correlated. The population is small. Birth rates may be high but the death rate is just as high. They interweave because they notice changes a few decades later. For example, if the death rate increases, then the people will notice this only a few decades after and the birth rate increases. However, by this time, the death rate has decreased as there are fewer people to die. This continues.
Stage 2
Primary sector peak/ secondary & tertiary low (secondary higher than tertiary
The death rate decreases significantly as medicine and healthcare improve. However, people won't notice this until a few decades later. This leads to a surge in population increase.
Stage 3
Primary sector decreases/ secondary and tertiary increase in similar rate
The people notice the fall of death rates and the birth rate decreases. By this time, the population has increased by a large amount.
Stage 4
Primary sector lower than secondary/ tertiary sector higher than secondary after
The population increase starts to slow down. The rate of population increase is decreased as the birth rate fall as much as the death rate. The interweaving of birth and death rates start again.
Stage 5
Primary sector keeps decreasing/ secondary and tertiary increases/ quaternary sector appears and increases
Very few countries have reached this stage. Japan and Germany are one of the few to mention. The population will start to decrease as the old people from stage 4 dies out. The birth rate is still consistent as people have not noticed.
For a LIC to enter an industrial phase, the secondary and tertiary sectors must increase.
Sector shifts link to economic development as more people in the higher sector means more income.
Quality of life
Geographical definition: The standard of physical health, mental health and satisfactory
Factors affecting quality of life:
Psychological
Happiness/satisfaction
Security
Mental health
Physical
Housings
Services/utilities
Diet
Healthcare
Social
Fair governments
Family and friends
Education
Economical
Standard of living
Gender equality
Gender equality can help boost an area's economic development. This is because women can earn money as much as men, increasing the distribution of money.
Income
Jobs
Cycle of wealth
Wealth creation --> Wealth enhancement --> Wealth preservation --> Wealth distribution --> Wealth creation --> ...
Relationships between quality of life and disposable income
More disposable income there is, better the quality of life. This is because there is more money that can be used for one's leisure/benefits.
Increased quality of life leads to economic development. This is because people have secure and stable jobs. More income means more tax collection. This also shows that tax and disposable income are linked.
Vocabulary
TNC: Transnational corporation
Disposable income: The income remaining after tax deduction and social charges.
GDP per capita: Gross Domestic Product per capita. Used for calculating economic activity (average).
HDI: Human Development Index. Used to measure human development and quality of life.
Development gap: The difference in the quality of life between the area of high development and low development.
Resources affecting development
Human resources
Technology
Most important?
Infrastructure
Industries
Healthcare
Education
Natural resources
Water
Climate
Land space
Raw materials
Fertile soil
NEXUS
Energy
Food
Water
If the energy supplies are interrupted, the infrastructure and technology to produce clean water and food will be limited.
Problems facing the quality of life around the world
Water security
Lowest risk: Northern America (Canada), Northern Europe and Russia
Highest risk: Somalia, Niger, Iraq, Pakistan
Features of countries with high water security: good governing, transboundary corporation, peace and political stability and appropriate financing
Good water security means provision of freshwater for the population, conservation of ecosystem, adaptation to climate change and provision of water for economic purposes.
Food security
Highest risk: Eastern African countries like Chad, Ethiopia and DRC
Lowest risk: USA, Canada, Australia and Western Europe
As the world population grows, the global food industries face a challenge. The quality of life increases in many areas, increasing the demand of high quality food, especially meat. However with the population increase, there are little land space that can be used for agricultural purposes.
Distribution of development
HDI difference
Highest HDI countries are located in Northern America, Western Europe, Middle East and Eastern Asia and Oceania.
Lowest HDI countries are located in Central Africa and Southern Asia.
HDI =
GDP difference
Highest GDP countries are located in Northern America, Western Europe, Middle East and Eastern Asia and Oceania.
Lower GDP countries are located in Southern America, Central Africa and South East Asia.
GDP = consumption + investment + government expenditure + exports – imports.