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Psych Module 2 Research Strategies (Scientific Method (Conducting Theories…
Psych Module 2 Research Strategies
Intuition and Common Sense
Hindsight Bias
(
I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon
)
The tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
Perceiving Order in Random Events
The built-in eagerness to make sense of our world
Overconfidence
Human ten to think we know more than we do
Scientific Method
Conducting Theories
2
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
3
Operational Definition
A statement of the exact operations used in a reserach study.
(
human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
)
4
Replication
The capability of repeating the essence of a research study in different conditions.
1
Theories
An explanation suing an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
Description
Naturalisitic Observation
A descriptive technique of oberving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations
without trying to manipulate
and control the situation
The Survey
A descriptive technique for
obtaining the self-reported attitudes
or behaviors of a particular group.
Random Sampling
and
Wording Effects
are important
Population
All those in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn.
Sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
The Case Study
A descriptive technique in which
one individual or group is studied
in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Correlation
Definition: a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
Correlation Coefficient
:
Definition: a statistical index of the relationship between two things
A
correlation coefficient
helps us see the world more clearly by revealing the
extent
to which two things relate
Positive
Correlation
(
0 to +1.00
)
A
direct
relationship.
increase or decrease together
Negative
Correlation
(
0 to -1.00
)
A
inverse
relationship
increase or decrease reversely
Experimentation
Definition
Experiments enable researchers to
isolate the effects
of one or more factors by
(1)
manipulating the factors of interest
(independent variables)
(2)
holding constant (controlling) other factors
(dependent variables)
Terms
Control Group
Definition
The group not exposed to the treatment
Function
A comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment (
dependent variable
)
Random Assignment
Definition
Assigning participants to groups by chance
Function
Minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups
Experiment Group
Definition
The group exposed to the treatment
Function
One version of the
independent variable
Double-blind Procedure
Definition
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo
Function
Minizing the man-madel effect
Placebo
/
pləˈsi:bō
/
Definition
安慰剂
Research Ethics
Protecting Research Participants
Studying and Protecting Animals
Studying and Protecting Humans
(2)
(3)
(1) Obtain human participants'
informed consent
/kənˈsent/ before experiment
(4) Fully
debrief
people afterward
Improve Retention
SQ3R
Independent and Dependent Variables
Experimental factor
is
Independent variable
. Because we can vary it
independently
Confounding Variables
Definition
The other factors that could influence a study's results
Correlation & Causation
Correlation indicates the
possibility
of a cause-effect relationship but
does not prove such
.
1theories -->2 hypotheses --> 3 research and observations --> comfirm/reject/reserve 1 theories
Random Sample & Word Effect
Because there is not a
cause-effect
relationship between the drug and anxiety.
