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Integumentary System Diana Ventura Per. 2 (Function of the integumentary…
Integumentary System Diana Ventura
Per. 2
Function of the integumentary system
Regulates body temperature
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Retains body fluids
Excretes the wastes
Acts as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world
Layers of the skin
Dermis- thickest layer that lies beneath the epidermis and above the subcutaneous layer; contains blood capillaries, nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, and other structures
Hypodermis- underlying layer or subcutaneous; beneath the dermis which is beneath the epidermis; used mainly for fat storage
Epidermis- upper or outer layer of the two main layers of cells that make up the skin; keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; avascular
Accessory organ
Nails- composed of thin, dead cells packed with
hard keratin; clear, hard derivatives of stratum
corneum; modified epidermis, like hoofs/claws of
animals
Sudoriferous Gland- small tubular structures situated within and under the skin; distributed over the entire skin except nipples, lips, and some genitalia; secretes sweat; controlled by the nervous system
Sebaceous Gland- found all over the body except on palms and soles of feet; secretes sebum which is a oil substance; softens and lubricates hair and skin
Hair- hairs are distributed all over the body except on the palms, soles, lips, nipples; flexible strands produced by hair follicles; consist largely of dead, keratinized cells; melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
Layers of the epidermis
Stratum Granulosum- last layer that can obtain nutrients from diffusion; cells flatten and toughen up; very thin region (3-5 layers)
Stratum Lucidum- a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells; visible only in thick skin; translucent layer that looks like a band
Stratum Spinosum- prickly cell layer; cells in this layer form demosomes; Langerhans' cells are most abundant
Stratum Corneum- outermost layer; high levels of keratin; protection against abrasion and penetration, water repellant
Stratum Basale- deepest layer; closest to dermis; sits on basement membrane; primarily made up of keratinocytes cells
Body membranes
Serous Membrane- lines body cavities and covers organ surfaces(closed to exterior); double membrane layer; simple squamous epithelial tissue & loose connective tissue; secretes serous (watery) fluid for lubrication
Mucus Membrane- made of epithelial cells; thick secretion that keeps the membranes soft and moist; line body surfaces that open to exterior
Cutaneous Membrane- covers the body surface; primary organ of integumentary system; superficial epithelial layer & deep supportive connective tissue; secretes sebum
Synovial Membrane- connective tissue only; lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints; produces synovial fluid
Layers of dermis
Papillary Layer- thin superficial layer; contains a thin arrangement of collagen fibers; directly underneath the epidermis; areolar connective tissue and loose connective tissue
Reticular Layer- deepest layer; lots of blood vessels; sweat glands, oil glands, hair follicles, and nerve receptors are located here; dense connective tissue
Infections
Cold Sores- herpes simplex virus around the border of the lips; causes itchiness and stings
Contact Dermatitis- a red, itchy rash caused by direct contact with a substance or an allergic reaction to it; isn't contagious or life-threatening
Athlete’s Foot- a fungal infection that usually begins between the toes; the signs and symptoms are scaly rash that usually causes itching, stinging and burning
Impetigo- usually appears as red sores on the face, especially around a child's nose and mouth, and on hands and feet; highly contagious; affects infants and children; yellow crust is developed
Psoriasis- an immune-mediated disease that causes raised, red, scaly patches to appear on the skin; typically affects the outside of the elbows, knees or scalp, though it can appear on any location
Skin cancers
Squamous cell carcinoma- usually found on areas of the body damaged by UV rays from the sun or tanning beds; second most common skin cancer; arises
usually on head and hands; affects men more than women
Melanoma- most deadly skin cancer; arises when pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes mutate and become cancerous; very rare type of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma- least malignant but most common; often appears as a slightly transparent bump on the skin; occur most often on sun-exposed areas of face
Burns
Second degree (2) burns (epidermis and upper
dermis)- lower layer of the skin; results in pain, swelling and blisters; 25% of body has second degree burns
Third-degree (3) burns (entire skin layer)- innermost layer of the skin; skin grafting might be required; full thickness burns; burn is gray-white, cherry red or black; 10% of body has third degree burns
First-degree (1) burns (epidermis)- outer layer of the skin; result in pain and reddening of the skin; mild burns