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Genes and the Genetic Basis of Metabolism (Protein Synthesis (Ribosomes…
Genes and the Genetic Basis of Metabolism
Control of Protein Levels
unique enzymes
nature of the promoter region
gene physically available for transcription
transcription factors
bind to promoter/enhancer
trans-acting factors
transport of mRNA
binding of mRNA to subunits
rate of translation
processing of protein
activation/inactivation of the protein
many present in its inactive form
Analysis of Genes and Recombinant DNA Techniques
Restricting Endonucleases
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
break hydrogen bonds
heat it
DNA melting and DNA denaturation
if cooled down
complementary sequences form hydrogen bonds
reformation of double stranded DNA by cooling
DNA hybridization
Genetic Engineering of Plants
recombinant DNA
identify, isolate, and study gene structure and activity
insert genes
to plants that originally did not have it
ex. cotton plant got genes from Bacillus thuringiensis
GMOs
not welcomed by people
Golden rice
genetically modified organisms
Virus
Plant Diseases Caused by Viruses
do not try to cure the entire plant
at least thousand
detection can be difficult
infect through wounds
then divert plant's nucleic acid
to synthesize more virus molecules
self-assemble to complete virus particle
Formation of New Virus Particle
some self assemble
tertiary structure
bind to viral DNA
attract/adhere to more viral protein
Virus Structure
small particles
have no protoplasm, organelles, membranes
usually contains proteins and nucleic acid only
cannot carry out metabolic functions
first seen with electron microscope
plant viruses
long or short rods or even round particles
retroviruses
greatest number
contain single-stranded RNA
source of reverse transcriptase
split genome viruses
not all of nucleic acid is packed as one particle
Virus Metabolism
plants, fungi, animals, protozoans, algae, prokaryotes
all are attacked by viruses
bacteriophages
virus that attack bacteria
Protein Synthesis
tRNA
codon cannot interact directly with AA
complementary to codons
carries AA to ribosomes
a lot of them
Ribosomes
read the genetic message in mRNA
construct proteins
rRNA
3 types
80s
large and dense
eukaryotes
70s
plastids, mitochondria, prokaryotes
smaller, lighter
mRNA translation
Initiation of translation
Elongation of the Protein Chain
extending outward from mRNA strand
AA brought by tRNA to ribosomes
Termination of Translation
polypeptide is released
stop codon enters A site
recognized by release factors
fit into P site
eukaryotic initiation factors
bind to the smallest subunit
important to align ribosomes on mRNA
begins
start codon: AUG
Frameshift error
wrong sets of three
Concepts
protein synthesis
DNA
hold into for protein
Gene
linear, polymer
4 monomers- A,T,G,C
amino acids
structure
other properties of protein
differential activation of genes
underlying development process
plant- many cells
distinct metabolism
amino acid synthesis
respiration
proteins
enzymes
microtubules
membrane proteins
cell differs in shape too
tracheid/vessels- same enzymes/metabolism
secondary wall deposition
pattern varies
