Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
genes and genetic metaboli (analysis of plants and recombination of DNA…
genes and genetic metaboli
genetic engineering of plants
process of manually adding new DNA to an organism
The goal is to add one or more new traits that are not already found in that organism.
DNA is a molecule found in the nucleus of every cell and is made up of 4 subunits represented by the letters A, T, G, and C.
order of these subunits in the DNA strand holds a code of information for the cell
control of protein level
it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed.
enables rapid and efficient analyses of gene functions in crops
biosyntheses of hormones, enzymes, and membrane channels and pumps
analysis of plants and recombination of DNA
identifying dna fragments
A restriction fragment is a DNA fragment resulting from the cutting of a DNA strand by a restriction enzyme (restriction endonucleases), a process called restriction
DNA cloning
transcription start site is the location where transcription starts at the 5'-end of a gene sequence.
aimed at understanding disease and developing new treatments for disease.
restriction of endonuclease
restriction endonuclease, a protein produced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites along the molecule
DNA sequence
process of determining the nucleic acid sequence
sequencing one's genome is to obtain information of medical value for future care
nucleic acid
two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
most important macromolecules for the continuity of life
storing genetic information
the genetic codes
set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins (amino acid sequences) by living cells
genetic code be identical in all forms of life, has been found to diverge slightly in certain organisms and in the mitochondria of some eukaryotes
the structure of genes
genes are made of DNA, where the particular DNA sequence determines the function of the gene
the organisation of specialised sequence elements within a gene
protecting the genes
it gives the important adjustment to the predominant biotic and abiotic natural conditions, and empowers change in the hereditary arrangement to adapt to changes in the earth
transcription of genes
transcription start site is the location where transcription starts at the 5'-end of a gene sequence.
ocess by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA)
protein synthesis
tRNA
type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein
two classes of tRNA: cytoplasmic and mitochondrial
mRNA
mRNA is an RNA version of the gene that leaves the cell nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm where proteins are made
mRNA consists of four different base types including uracil, cytosine, guanine and adenine
directs the protien synthesis.
ribosomes
Ribosomes are the protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell
ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins, when viewed through an electron microscope, ribosomes appear either as clusters (polyribosomes) or single, tiny dots that float freely in the cytoplasm.
viruses
virus metabolism
they are too small to function metabolism on their own so they steal the energy from the cell they infect.
viruses are not alive and they just can replicate and produce the next viruses.
formation of new virus particles
starting points of infections in the transformative history of life are vague: some may have advanced from plasmids—bits of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have developed from microorganisms.
viral replication can be seen in six steps: attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release
virues structure
icosahedral, enveloped, complex or helical
virus is made up of nucleic acids, which then make up the genetic information in the form of RNA or DNA.
The protein layer that surrounds and protects the nucleic acids is called the capsid
origin of virus
viruses could have evolved from complex molecules of protein and nucleic acid before cells first appeared on earth.
there is no fixed theory of virues origin and they cannot divide or replicate without the host cells.
plant disease cause by virues.
cucumber mosiac viruses
tomato spotted wilt virues
tomato mosiac virues
pulm pox viruese
