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Forgetting: Retrieval Failure (Retrieval Failure Theory (Depends of the…
Forgetting: Retrieval Failure
Explanations
Accessibility
Not having cues to access it
Can be accessed with the
correct cues
Availability
Interference
LTM can't make info available to STM
Retrieval Failure Theory
Depends of the right cues
Info enters and associated cues are made
Cues not available- info forgotten
Encoding Specificity Principle
Context-dependent forgetting
State-dependent forgetting
Encoding Specificity
Principle
Easier retrieval if external conditions at
the time of retrieval are similar to
those at the time the memory is stored
Happy memories are easier to retrieve
when you are happy
Tulvin and Pearlstone (1966)
Evidence of cues that have
been explicitly/implicitly encoded
at the time of learning and
have a meaningful link to the leaning material
Forms of CDF
Context- dependent
External retrieval cues
When external conditions are different at recall from encoding
Abernathy (1940)
Godden & Baddeley (1975)
State-dependent
Internal retrieving cues
When internal conditions are different at recall from encoding
Overton (1972)
Darley et al (1973)
Goodwin et al (1969)
Carter and Cassaday (1998)
Strengths
Supports level of processing
Deeper you think about info, the
more likely it is to be recalled
Supports as cues provide richer detail
Godden & Baddeley
cues can affect recall
Practical applications
Helpful to forensics and police
as it helps to facilitate recall for EWT
Weaknesses
Lab experiments= Low EV
Studies don't test everyday memory