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ch-27 (27.1 (Internal Organization and DNA ((a) Aerobic prokaryote …

- - - - Gram-positive bacteria have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan
      - Gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides
      - A sticky outer layer of polysaccharide or protein called a capsule is present in some prokaryotes
      - fimbriae that allow them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony
      - Pili (or sex pili) are longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA
  - - - Spiral
      - Rod
      - spherical
  - - - They are small
      - They reproduce by binary fission
      - They have short generation times
- - - - 1- Phage infects bacterial donor cell that carries the A+ and B+ alleles.
      - 2- Phage DNA is replicated and phage proteins are synthesized.
      - 3- Fragment of bacterial DNA with A+ allele is packaged within a phage capsid.
      - 4- Phage with A+ allele infects bacterial recipient cell.
      - 5- Incorporation of phage DNA creates recombinant cell with genotype A+ B−.
  - - - Broken strand peels off andenters F− cell.
      - Donor and recipient cells synthesize complementary DNA strands.
      - One strand of F+ cell plasmid DNA breaks at arrowhead.
      - Recipient cell is now a recombinant F+ cell.
- - - - Eukarya
        
        has several kinds of rna polymerase
        
        only domain with a nuclear envelope
      - Archaea
        
        Archaea share certain traits with bacteria and other traits with eukaryotes
        
        They also have many unique characteristics
      - Bacteria
        
        only domain with peptidoglycan in cell wall
        
        only domain without histones associated with dna
  - - - Alpha Proteobacteria
        
        Scientists hypothesize that mitochondria evolved from aerobic alpha proteobacteria through endosymbiosis
        
        Many species are closely associated with eukaryotic hosts
      - Beta Proteobacteria
        
        Example: the soil bacterium Nitrosomonas converts NH4+ to NO2–
        
        This subgroup is nutritionally diverse
      - Gamma Proteobacteria
        
        Some heterotrophs are pathogenic, such as Legionella, Salmonella, and Vibrio cholerae
        
        Escherichia coli resides in the intestines of many mammals and is not normally pathogenic
        
        Autotrophic members include sulfur bacteria such as Thiomargarita namibiensis
      - Epsilon Proteobacteria
        
        Most species in this subgroup are pathogenic
        
        Examples include Campylobacter, which causes blood poisoning, and Helicobacter pylori, which causes stomach ulcers
      - Delta Proteobacteria
        
        Example: bdellovibrios, which mount high-speed attacks on other bacteria
        
        Fruiting bodies of Chondromyces crocatus, a myxobacterium (SEM)
        
        Example: the slime-secreting myxobacteria, which produces drought-resistant “myxospores”
  - - - Cyanobacteria are abundant components of freshwater and marine phytoplankton
      - These are gram-negative photoautotrophs that generate O2
      - Plant chloroplasts likely evolved from cyanobacteria by the process of endosymbiosis
    - - Some are parasites, including Treponema pallidum
      - These bacteria are helical gram-negative heterotrophs
    - - live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product
      - Methanogens are strict anaerobes and are poisoned by O2
- - - - Chemoheterotroph
        
        Organic Compounds
        
        Most prokaryotes and protists; fungi; animals; some parasitic plants
        
        Organic Compounds
      - Photoheterotroph
        
        Organic Compounds
        
        Certain prokaryotes
        
        Light
      - Chemoautotroph
        
        CO2
        
        Certain prokaryotes
        
        Inorganic Chemicals
      - Photoautotroph
        
        Carbon Source CO2
        
        Cyanobacteria, plants, certain protists (algae)
        
        Energy Source is Light