Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Skeleton: Bone Fracture (anatomy of long bones (Epiphysis (articular…

- - - - contains red bone marrow in kids
      - yellow blood marrow in adults
      - hollow
  - - - cover joint surface
      - think layer of hyaline cartilage
      - reduces friction
      - absorbs shock in movable joints
    - - in metaphysis
      - becomes line in adults when they are done growing
      - known as growth plate
      - bi=one growth longitudinally
  - - - known as growth plate, lengthwise bone growth
      - epiphyseal line in adults is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate in children.
  - - - osteogenic
      - osteoclast
      - osteoblasts
    - - dense irregular connective tissue
      - outer layer
      - contains blood, lymph vessels, nerved that nourish compact bone
      - attachment site for ligaments and tendons
    - - anchored to bone by collagen fibers
    - - osteogenic cells
      - osteoblasts
      - lines the medullary cavity :
      - osteoclasts
- - - - bone replacing cartilage
      - takes longer then intamembranous ossification
      - long bones
      - 1: mesenchymal cell differentiate into chondrocytes
      - 2: the cartilage model of the future boney skeleton and the perichondrium form
      - 3: capillaries penetrate cartilage. perichondrium transforms into periosteum, periosteal collar develops.primary ossification center develops.
      - 4: cartilage and chondrocytes continue to grow at the epiphyseal plate.
      - 5: secondary ossification centers develop at center of epiphyseal region. cartilage remains at epiphyseal (growth )plate and at joint surface as articular cartilage.
      - bone remodeling
        
        resorption of old damage bone by osteoclast
        
        lay new bone to replace by osteoblast
        
        continues thought adulthood, after bone growth
        
        5-10% of skeleton replace yearly, even without injury
        
        influenced by hormones and mechanical stress and injury
      - bone fractures
        
        result of unusual stress or sudden impact
        
        increase risk with age, due to normal thinning and weakening of bone
        
        break in bone
        
        stress fracture
        
        bone experiences repetitive loads ex. runners
        
        thin break caused by increased physical activity
        
        pathological fracture
        
        occurs in bone weakened by disease
        
        simple fracture (closed)
        
        broken bone not penetrating skin
        
        2-3 months to heal depending on age
        
        compound fracture(open)
        
        one or both ends of the bone pierce overlying skin
        
        longer to heal depending in age
        
        requires surgery most of the time
        
        transvers fracture
        
        straight across
        
        spiral fracture
        
        often from a twisting action
        
        comminuted fracture
        
        broken into more than 3 fragments
        
        impacted fracture
        
        one fragment driven(compressed/crushed) into another
        
        greenstick fracture
        
        incomplete break with splintering
        
        oblique fracture
        
        slanted fracture
        
        angles fractre
        
        fissured fracture
        
        incomplete fracture longitudinally (hairline fracture)
        
        bone fracture repair
        
        2: fibrocartilagenous internal and external callus formation
        
        within 48 hrs. chondrocytes in the endosteum and periosteum secrete a fibrocartilaginous matrix between 2 broken ends creating hyaline cartilage and bone around break, stabilizing the fracture.
        
        3: cartilage replaced by trabecular bone
        
        osteoclast reobsorm bead bone at site of the fracture
        
        oseogenic cells become active and divide into osteoblast
        
        osteoblast adjacent to callus produce trabeculae via endochondrial ossification
        
        1: fracture hematoma
        
        forms from clotted blood within 6-8 hrs, blood vessels are everywhere due to fracture
        
        4: remodeling
        
        compact bone replaced trabecular/spongy bone on the outer surface of the bone. internal and external calli unite
        
        there might be a bump present, but with time it will be remodeled almost completely away.
        
        process takes several weeks
        
        materials needed for bone growth and repair
        
        fluoride
        
        also in bone structure, strengthens bones and enamel of teeth
        
        omega 3 fatty acids
        
        decreases inflammation that may interfere with osteoblast function
        
        Magnesium
        
        in structure of the bones
        
        calcium
        
        strengthen bones
        
        without calcium bones become brittle
        
        in dairy, green leafy veggies; broccoli. also in intact salmon and canned sardines with their soft bones
        
        Vitamin K
        
        supports bone mineralization
        
        green leafy veggies
        
        vitamin D
        
        action of sunlight on skin triggers the body to produce
        
        not found naturally in many foods
        
        added to milk and orange juice
        
        the liver converts to a circulating form, calcidiol and kidneys transform it into its useable form calcitriol(D3)
        
        calcium cannot be absorbed from our food with out vitaminD
        
        potassium
        
        conserves the calcium inn your body
        
        reduced the amount of calcium you lose during urination
    - - bone develops directly from mesenchymal not from cartilage
      - takes place in sheets of mesenchymal tissue
      - flat bones of the skull(last to stop growing) and clavicle
      - allows shoulder and skull to fit trough birth canal
      - some mesenchymal cells will become capillaries, other eventually osteoblast