Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Integument (Physiology (Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin (carotene can be…

- - - - when damaged skin loses vitamin A
      - beneficial for eyes and epidermal health
  - - - cannot metabolize vitamin d if damaged
        
        vitamin d is necessary for the bones to absorb calcium
      - cannot excrete waste through sweat in burned areas
- - - - special tables for more accurate burns
  - - - Cutaneous Sensory Receptors
        
        part of the nervous system
        
        exteroceptors
        
        respond to external stimuli
        
        Lamellar corpuscles allow us to feel deep pressure
        
        Hair follicle receptors feel wind in hair or hair pulling
        
        Tactile Corpuscles (dermal papillae) touch receptors
        
        Free Nerve Endings sense painful stimuli
      - Metabolic Function
        
        The skin helps create vitamin D from the sunlight
        
        The epidermis also has functions similar to the liver
        
        disarm cancer causing chemicals
        
        activate steroid hormones
      - Body Temperature Regulation
        
        body works best within homeostatic regulation
        
        when hot we sweat to cool off
        
        when cold our blood vessels constrict and retain heat
      - Blood Reservoir
        
        Dermal Vascular Supply can hold about 5% of our blood volume
        
        skin can restrict its own blood flow to give it to the more important organs
      - Protection
        
        Chemical
        
        skin secretions
        
        Low pH of skin secretions (acid mantle) kills most bacteria
        
        dermicidin in sweat and sebum also kill bacteria
        
        Defensins punch holes in bactera (lol)
        
        wounded skin secretes cathelicidins that help prevent infection
        
        melanin
        
        chemical pigment shield to prevent UV damage
        
        Physical
        
        hardness of skin provide physical barriers
        
        stratum corneum are both defensive and waterproof
        
        Biological
        
        Dendritic Cells- part of the immune system, patrol beneath the skins surface, engulf foreign invaders
        
        Dermal Macrophages- dispose of bacteria and viruses that penetrate the epidermis
      - Excretion
        
        Eliminates wastes through sweat
        
        sweat allows for water and salt loss
  - - - composed of epithelial cells, protective shield
      - subcutaneous
        
        lies deep to skin
        
        shock absorber
        
        also known as hypodermis
        
        mostly adipose and areolar tissue
        
        is not actually part of skin, superficial to connective tissue on the skeletal
    - - Consists of bulk of the skin, tough leathery layer composed of dense connective tissue
      - vascularized, nutrients reach the epidermis diffusing thought tissue
      - Tissue Types
        
        Papillary Dermis
        
        thin and superficial
        
        areolar connective tissue
        
        looseness of tissue allows cells to travel through
        
        Dermal Papillae
        
        peglike projections indent the epidermis, contain capillary loops, pain receptors, and touch receptors
        
        Thick Skin in the Papillary Dermis
        
        papillae are on dermal ridges which cause epidermal ridges
        
        These are called friction ridges and enhance gripping ability
        
        Reticular Dermis
        
        accounts for 80% of the dermis thickness
        
        coarse dense irregular connective tissue
        
        Dermal Vascular Plexus, nourishes the skin
        
        named for the network of collagen fibers
        
        Tension/ Cleavage Lines
        
        bundles of collagen fiber runs longitudinally to the skin of limbs, and circular for neck and trunk
        
        collage provides strength for the dermis, no cuts or scrapes
        
        Flexure Lines
        
        Dermal Folds near joints and deep strucutres, elbow palm hands
    - - Stratum Granulosum
        
        Granular Layer
        
        where keratinization begins in the cell
        
        cell begins to fill with keratin
        
        cells flatten and nuclei and organelles disintegrate
        
        Keratohyaline Granules, help form keratin in the upper layers
        
        Lamellar Granules- water resistant glycolipid, helps prevent water loss
        
        this is why outermost layers of skin are water resistant and tough
        
        thin layer
      - Stratum Lucidum
        
        Clear Layer
        
        Dermal capillaries are too far, glycoproteins cut off nutrients, cells die
        
        only found in THICK SKIN
        
        few flat rows of dead keratinocytes
      - Stratum Spinosum
        
        Prickly Layer
        
        multiple spinelike extensions of kertainocytes--not in living cells
        
        have pre-keratin that resists tension, anchored to desmosomes
        
        some dendritic cells
        
        several layers thick
      - Stratum Corneum (superficial)
        
        Horny Layer
        
        20 to 30 cell layers thick 3/4 of epidermal thickness
        
        keratin and proteins accumulate in the plasma membrane protect from abrasion and penetration
        
        regularly shed off of the body
      - Stratum Basale (deepest)
        
        deepest layer, attached beneath dermis in a wavy line
        
        single row of stem cells that continuously renew the cell population, keratinocytes
        
        cell division, one goes up one stays down
        
        10-25% melanocytes that branch upward into the spinosum
      - Thick skin has one extra layer, located on the palms, soles, and fingertips
  - - - 2nd degree burn
        
        injure epidermis and upper dermis region
        
        redness, swelling, pain, and blisters
        
        heals within 3-4 weeks
        
        1st and 2nd degree are partial thickness burns
      - 3rd degree burn
        
        most severe burns
        
        full thickness burn, skin grafts
        
        area is not painful because nerve endings destroyed, no swelling
        
        gray white, red, or blackened
      - 1st degree burn
        
        1st degree burns are the least severe
        
        only the epidermis is damaged
        
        redness, swelling, and pain
        
        Example: sunburn
        
        heal in 2-3 days
      - Burns are classified based on their severity
      - Critical Burns
        
        over 10% of body has 3rd degree burns
        
        3rd degree burns on face, hands, or feet
        
        25% of body with 2nd degree burns
    - - loss of body fluids is most serious side effect
- - - - indicative of very severe burn
      - destruction of nerve endings make 3rd degree burns almost painless
    - - supplementary nutrients through tubes to provide extra calories and replace proteins lost by the burn
      - Hydration is KEY, IV fluids need to be administered to replace lost fluids
        
        no longer has layer of protection against infection
        
        sepsis is the leading cause of death in burn victimes
        
        antibiotics are important to prevent infection in the damaged skin
        
        dead skin provide food for bacteria and open door to the body
        
        stratum corneum and granulosum is dead which means the body is not protected from water loss, abrasions, or from bacterial infection
        
        loss of temperature regulation
        
        body can no longer constrict or dilate damaged vessels
        
        can cause hypothermia or hypovemia
        
        capillaries are damaged, plasma and other nutrients leak out of the blood, extreme fluid loss
        
        body redirects fluid to more important regions
        
        causes burn shock
        
        skin could eventually heal by itself but is too risky
        
        skin grafts give the body healthy skin to keep fluid loss at a minimum and provide a barrier for the bacteria
        
        auto grafts take precedent but if patient doesn't have enough healthy skin then transplant skin is used
        
        transplanted skin can cause a lot of scar tissue, which restricts movement
        
        burned skin must be removed, replaced with healthy skin
  - - - 2nd degree burns are the most painful because nerve endings were not destroyed
      - blisters cause fluid loss because of the rush of fluid to the site
    - - given pain medication
      - applied antibiotic cream regularly
      - severe cases require skin grafts
  - - - critical
    - - not critical
    - - not critical