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Criminal Justice 101: A First Course Chapters 1, 4, 8 Introducing Criminal…
Criminal Justice 101: A First Course Chapters 1, 4, 8 Introducing Criminal Justice
The role of the police is not limited to law and order, but also provide public service (like welfare checks or directing traffic
Sir Robert Peele's Nine Principles for policing in the 1800s was a foreshadow to modern policing. These principles gave a semblance of what law enforcers should be during a time when law enforcement was evolving.
There have been cycles of policies for law enforcement as it evolved in the US (like Community Policing"). As policing evolved in the 20th century, the "ugly side" of the job was openly acknowledged.
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Even though law enforcement can be separate by state and federal agencies, in the state there could be metropolitan, town or city law enforcement
A part of criminal justice is the definition of law (which gives boundaries for society to follow).Law creates social norms that is opposite from "vigilante justice".
Types of "laws" are statutory (legislative), common ("jurisprudence" or courts), case ("judicial decision"), procedural (checks judicial process), substantive (rights), and administrative or public (checks governing bodies)which oversees various areas of criminal justice.
The Constitution is an important part of the evolution of American law and the protection of rights.
The Fourth Amendment specifically defines the judicial process by "search and seizure; and "probable cause"
Fourteenth Amendment presents "equal protection" and the idea of "due process" (preserving a defendant's rights to trial).
Judicial Review is an important part of the American judicial process. By the Supreme Court reviewing cases, other amendments to legal process and defendant rights have been made (i.e. Miranda v. Arizona 1966).
The American judicial system has the responsibility to show the "body of proof" ("habeus corpus"). This proof needs consider the act itself, if harm was intended, if there is proof of cause and the concurrence of those three factors. Intent (mens rea) must also be considered if the harm was intentional or not (premeditated or not) and if the principle of malice was involved.
There are three types of crime - infractions, misdemeanors, and felonies (most serious).
Defense is important and a few types of defenses for crime would be self defense, consent or mental illness; examples of ways for defense counsel to defend their client is looking for prosecutorial misconduct or entrapment.
There are varying "laws" in the American Judicial System - there are state or federal laws and civil or criminal law
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