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Chapter 27 (Concept 27.1 (Cell-Surface Structures (The structure of a…

- - - - Obligate aerobes - must use O2 for cellular respiration and can't grow without it
        Obligate anaerobes - poisoned by O2; live by fermentation and extract energy by anaerobic respiration, which uses any substance other than O2
        Facultative anaerobes - uses O2 if present but can also use anaerobic respiration
    - - Eukaryotes can only obtain Nitrogen - essential for amino acid production, from limited groups, while prokaryotes can metabolize nitrogen in many forms.
      - Nitrogen fixation - cells use the "fixed" nitrogen to form amino acids and other molecules.
      - Nitrogen fixed prokaryotes can increase nitrogen available in plants. Also uses compounds that ammonia is produced from
    - - Cooperation that takes place between specialized cells of filament. Most cells carry out photosynthesis, but there are few that use heterocysts that use a different process
      - Heterocysts - specialized cells that use nitrogen fixation. Structure of a heterocyst: surrounded by a thick wall, which restricts entry of O2, produced by neighboring photosynthesis cells.
      - Biofilms - metabolic cooperations occurring between these surface-coating colonies. This causes colonies to grow. However, biofilms help with attracting nutrients and discarding waste.