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Chapter 7- Geography of Language (LANGUAGE TERMS (divergence (splint into…
Chapter 7- Geography of Language
GEOGRAPHERS PERSPECTIVE ON LANGUAGE
essential element
most important thing which culture is transmitted
structures perceptions, attitudes, understandings and responses
partly determined by the words available
LANGUAGE
a system of communication that uses
sounds
boom, pow
writing
gestures
pointing, fists
LANGUAGE TERMS
divergence
splint into 2 lang.
convergence
2 lang. merge into 1
isolate
no lang. family
extinction
the death of a lang.
300 lang. have died=1500s
isogloss
geographic boundary with certain linguistic feature
soda, pop, coke
death
no native speakers
shift
lang. replaces another
dialect
form of lang. with specific region or social group
accent
non standard pronunciation by a non native speaker
1st generation immigrant
HOW DO LANGUAGE DIFFUSE?
trade
encouraged the spread of goods + lang.
colonialism
spread European lang. in America, Africa, Asia
US= doesn't have specific lang.
lang. replacement
trad. lang. of small groups of less advanced people replaced/modified by an invading lang.
SPATIAL INTERACTION HELPS CREATE
lingua franca
lang. used by speakers of different lang. for trade/commerce
pidgin lang.
combines 2+ lang. into simple structure/vocab
creole lang.
a pidgin lang. w/ complex structure/complex= native lang. of a group of people
ROOTS OF LANGUAGE
ideograms
graphic symbols used to show ideas/concepts
Chinese, egyptians
pictures become fixed symbol for concept
tree symbol= forest
phonetic
symbols show sounds, not ideas
key innovation
LANGUAGE DIVISIONS IN BELGIUM
conflict over lang. and place names is common
much tension in Belgium
Flemings vs Walloons
Flemings speak Flemish (Dutch dialect)
north
Walloons speak French
south
TOPONYM
unique location
reflection of people's idea + tangible creations
giving place a name, gives character
give us a glimpse into history of place
ENDANGERED LANGUAGE
about 6,000 lang.= extinct in 100 yrs
globalization
migration (urbanization)
economic development
media
internet (requires Arabic character set)