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How does the body maintain pH? (Metabolic sources of hydrogen ions…
How does the body maintain pH?
Internal pH 7.35-7.45
Acid-base buffer systems (1st line of defense)
Bicarbonate system
Bicarbonate ion
Converts a strong acid into a weak acid
Carbonic acid
Converts a strong base into a weak base
Phosphate system
Monohydrogen phosphate ion
Converts a strong acid into a weak acid
Dihydrogen phosphate
Converts a strong base into a weak base
Protein system
NH3+ group of an amino acid or protein
Releases a hydrogen ion in the presence of excess base
-COO group of an amino acid or protein
Accepts a hydrogen ion in the presence of excess acid
Metabolic sources of hydrogen ions
Aerobic respiration of glucose
Carbonic acid
Anaerobic respiration of glucose
Lactic acid
Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids
Acidic ketone bodies
Oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids
Sulfuric acid
Hydrolysis of phosphoproteins and nucleic acids
Phosphoric acid
Concentration of H+ at equilibrium determines pH
Elimation of excess bases or acids (2nd line of defense)
Renal mechanism
Excretion of hydrogen ions through urine
Respiratory mechanism
Excretion of carbon dioxide
Control of rate and depth of breathing
Acid-base imbalances
Alkalosis
Respiratory
Anxiety, fever, poisoning, high altitude
Hyperventilation
Excessive loss of CO2
Decrease in concentration of H2CO3
Decrease of H+ concentration
Metabolic
Gastric drainage, vomiting with loss of gastric secretions, certain diuretics
Loss of nonrespiratory acids
Excess ingestion or administration of antacids
Gain of bases
Acidosis
Respiratory
Decreased rate and depth of breathing
Accumulation of CO2
Obstruction of airway
Accumulation of CO2
Decreased gas exchange
Accumulation of CO2
Metabolic
Kidney failure to excrete acids
Accumulation of nonrespiratory acids
Excessive production of acidic ketones as in diabetes mellitus
Accumulation of nonrespiratory acids
Prolonged diarrhea with loss of alkaline intestinal secretions
Excessive loss of bases
Prolonged vomiting with loss of intestinal secretions
Excessive loss of bases