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Ch 27 Bacteria and Archaea (Conjugation the process where genetic material…
Ch 27
Bacteria and Archaea
Transformation
genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings
Transduction
phages carries the prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another
Phage infects the bacterial donor cell that carries the A+ and B+ alleles.
Phage DNA is replicated and proteins are synthesized
Fragment of bacterial DNA with A+ allele is packaged within a phage capsid.
Phage with A+ allele infects bacterial recipient cell.
Incorporation of phage DNA creates recombinant cell with genotype A+ B-
Conjugation
the process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells
In bacteria, the DNA transfer is always one way
A donor cell attaches to a recipient by a pilus by pulling it closer and transfers DNA through a structure called "mating bridge"
A piece of DNA called the F factor is required for the production of pili
One strand of F+ cell plasmid DNA breaks a arrowhead.
The broken strand peels off and enters F- cell.
Donor and recipient cells synthesize complementary DNA strands
Recipient cell is now a recombinant F-
Prokaryotes
Thrive on almost everywhere, including acidic, salty, cold, or hot places
They lack ability to adapt to diverse habitats and are abundant to organisms on Earth
Prokaryotes are divided into two domains:
bacteria
and
Archaea
Spherical
Cocci are spherical prokaryotes that occur in pairs in chains of cells
Bacilli
are rod shaped prokaryotes that are arranged in chains
Spiral
are spiral comma like shapes that are loose coils close to screw shaped
Archaea
domain of prokaryotic organisms that are biochemically from bacteria
Bacteria
domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycans
Peptidoglycan
a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the cell wall
Gram Positive
Bacteria with simple walls of composed of thick layers of peptidoglycan
Gram Negative
bacteria with less peptidoglycan that are more complex
Prokaryotes are unicellular even though the cells of some species remain attached to each other after cell division.
