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Bone fracture injury (Bone Fractures (Transverse (The break is in a…
Bone fracture injury
Bone Fractures
Transverse
The break is in a straight line across the bone
Complete
Bone is broken into two or more piec
Depressed
Broken part of the bone forms a concavity
Compression
The bone is crushed, causing the broken bone to be wider or flatter in appearance
Avulsion
Complete severing of body part
Colles
Spiral
The break spirals around the bone; common in a twisting injury
Comminuted
The break is in three or more pieces and fragments are present at the fracture site
Greenstick
The broken bone is not completely separated
Epiphesial
Epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis at the
epiphyseal plate
Hairline
Fine crack in which sections of bone remain aligned.
Displaced
Fractured bone part are part of anatomic alignment
Compound
Broken ends of the bone protruding through
the skin
Oblique
Diagonal break across the bone
Stages of Bone Healing
Hematoma Formation
Blood vessels in the broken bone tear and hemorrhage, resulting in the formation of clotted blood
Bone Regeneration
Capillaries gro in the newly formed clot and phagocytic cells get rid of dead cells
Formation of fibrocartilaginous Callus
Converted into spongy bone
Remodeling
osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Formation, Growth, and Remodeling
Growth
Interstitial Growth
has various zones such as zone of resting, proliferating, hypertrophic and calcified cartilage along with the zone of ossification
Appositional Growth
Occurs within periosteum, osteoblasts in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum produce and deposit bone matrix within layers parallel to the surface, called external circumferential lamellae
Remodeling
Bone resorption and bone deposition
Formation
Intramembranous Ossification
Calcification
Formation of Trabeculae
Development of periosteum
Development of ossification centers
Intramembranous ossification mainly occurs during formation of the flat bones of the skull. The bone is formed from connective tissue such as mesenchyme tissue rather than from cartilage.
There appear to be fragments of bone in the wound
His right elbow appears broken, and part of the bone in the upper arm appears to be protruding from the skin
The injury occurred when he was running and fell forward, landing on his right arm
12 year old boy comes in with apparent bone fracture
Long Bones
Organ Level
Articula Cartilage
Covers joint surface of epiphysis and helps reduce the frition while also absorbing impacts
Epiphysis
Proximal & Distal Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Provides for the leverage and major weight support
of a long bone
Metaphysis
A thin layer of hyaline cartilage that provides for
continue lengthwise growth of the bone
Medullary Cavity
In children contains red bone
marrow, yellow in adults
Epiphyseal Plate
Found in the boundary between the diaphysis and epiphysis, a thin layer in the hyaline cartilage that provide for the continued lengthwise of the bone
Bone Growth and Repair
Normal bone growth requires vitamins D, C, and A, plus minerals such as calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium. Hormones such as parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, and calcitonin also promote bone growth
Infection
Compound fractures allow for the skins semi permiable membrane to be penetrated allowing for bacteria to easily get into boe and lead to serious infection
Child is lactose intolerant
Abnormal growth
Disruption of blood flow
Crookedness, swelling, acute pain, an inability to move the elbow, and bruising
Bone could grow wrong and could cause mobilty issues down the road and if allowed to fully heal incorrectly surgery would be needed to fix the bone to grow properly
May not heal in a timely manner due to lack of calcium intake
Cellular
Periosteum
External covering of a long bone
Endosteum
Internal lining of a long bone
Osteocytes
Maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical
stress on a bone
Osteoclasts
They break down bone (Resorption)
Osteoblasts
Sythensize & secrete initial semisolid organic
form of bone matrix
Osteoprogenitor
stem cells derived from
mesenchyme they divide and produce osteoblast