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A 12 year-old boy is brought in with a bone fracture injury…
A 12 year-old boy is brought in with a bone fracture injury
he was running and fell forward, landing on his right arm
car accident
The anatomy of long bones from cells to organ leve
gross anatomy of bone
The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone.
A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone.
the three different types of bones
long bones
are greater in the length than width.
these bones have elongated, cylindrical shaft ( diaphysis).
most common bone shape.
these found in the upper limbs (arm, foramen, and fingers) and lower limbs(leg, thigh, and toes).
short bones
have the length nearly equal to their width. examples of short bones include the carpals(wrist bones and tarsals(bones in the foot).
flat bones
are so named because they have flat, thin surfaces that may be slightly curved.
they provide extensive surface areas for muscle attachment and protect underlaying soft tissues.
How bones form, grow, and remodel
bone form
also called ossification, process by which new bone is produced.
Ossification begins about the third month of fetal life in humans and is completed by late adolescence.
The process takes two general forms, one for compact bone, which makes up roughly 80 percent of the skeleton, and the other for cancellous bone, including parts of the skull, the shoulder blades, and the ends of the long bones.
bone growth
Bones grow in length at the epiphyseal plate by a process that is similar to endochondral ossification. The cartilage in the region of the epiphyseal plate next to the epiphysis continues to grow by mitosis.
bone remodeling
when old, brittle bone tissue is removed or resorbed and gets replaced by new bone tissue.
Remodeling also occurs when reshaping your bones after a fracture or when repairing micro-cracks which form during ordinary activities, especially when your bones are under stress, like after lifting heavy weights.
the three stages of bone healing
Inflammatory stage
a hematoma grows in fracture site within few hours or days of damage in this stage
Repair stage
a storma lay down by the fibroblasts to support the growth of vascular in this stage
Remodeling stage
this is the last stage of bone healing where the fractured bone is reinstate to its inventive structure, mechanical shape, and strength.
The raw materials needed for bone growth and repair
protein
build and repair cells.
fight infection and heal cuts.
make antibodies, enzyme, and hormones.
vitamin c
helps heal cut.
helps the body use the iron.
maintains healthy body tissue.
calcium
provides strength and structures for bones and teeth.
keeps nerves and muscle healthy.
location and role of the epiphyseal plate
the epiphysis plate
is an area at the long end of the bone that contains growing bone.
as people develop, the bone grows longer as a result of a cavity inside this area.
the epiphysis role
permit growth after birth.
allowing the long bones of the body to extend and a person to grow as he or she reaches maturity.
once growth completed and the person reaches full maturity and stature, the new bone slowly hardens and the plate turns into the epiphyseal line.
classification of bone fractures
colles
fracture of the distal end of lateral forearm bone (radius); produces a " dinner fork" deformity.
comminuted
bone is splintered into several small pieces the main parts.
complete
bone is broken into two or more pieces.
avulsion
complete serving of a body part (typically a toe or finger).
compound (open)
broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin.
compression
bone is squashed (may occur in a vertebra during a fall).
depressed
broken part of the bone forms a concavity(as in skull fracture).
broken long bone
can lead to to a bone infection (osteomyelitis).
pain
body weakness
broken elbow
pain
swelling
bruising and stiffness in and around the elbow
broken arm bone
increased pain
swelling
cant removing the arm
compound(open)
fracture
broken ends of the bone
protrude through the skin
the tratement of his injury
add calcium
egg and milk
by eating these food can build and grow his bones again
vitamin c
helps in the formation of collagen
speed up bone healing.
A little water in the ice bag
will help it conform to the shape
reducing the swelling