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Prokaryotes (Structure and Function (Internal Organization (In a…

- - - - Gram Negative
        
        less peptidoglycan
        
        Lipoplysaccharide: carbohydrates bonded to lipids on the outer membrane
        
        can release toxins to protect its self from bodies defense
        
        More complex: Outer membrane with thin layer of peptidoglycan and a plasma membrane
        
        staind red
        
        Crystal violet and iodine can pass through plasma membrane so its satined with the Safranin dye
        
        more resistent to antibiotics
      - Gram Positive: simple cell walls composed of peptidoglycan
        
        Thick wall of peptidoglycan
        
        stains purple
        
        less resistant to anibiotics
        
        thick wall so crystal violet and iodine can not pass through cell wall and are not rinsed off
        
        crystal violet and iodine mask red safranin dye
      - 1st stained a with Crystal Violet
      - Then Iodine Dye
      - Rinsed with Alcohol
      - Then stained with Safranin
      - Hans Christian Gram in 19th century
      - Structure of bacterial cell wall determines staining process
  - - - Plasmolyze: in a hypertonic environment the bacterial cell will lose water and shrinks away from their wall
  - - - Postive: towards
      - Negative: Away
    - - 3 main parts composed of 42 differnt proteins
        
        filament
        
        Motor
        
        hook
      - 1/10th width and not covere by the plasma membrane
      - many have 1 or multiple/ any where on the surface
      - ancestors had much simpler structures
        
        only half the proteins are needed the others have been added through time
        
        not encoded in genome
        
        Expatation: structures that were originally for one function take on new functions through descendant with modifucation
      - All 3 Domains have falagella
        
        Conatin diifernt molecules
        
        Bacteria and achea similar in size and rotational movement but still different proteins
        
        analogous structures
        
        similar in function
  - - - use antibodies to kill the bacteria growth without harming human because eukaryotic cells do not bind with antibody
    - - they have linear chromosomes
      - a lot more genetic material
    - - DNA replicatiom/transcription/transduction
- - - - Transduction
        
        Phage carries prokaryotic genes from a host cell and transfers it to another
        
        results by accident because phage cant replicate without another bacterial host because it lacks its own DNA
        
        Phage DNA/Proteins are replicated and host DNA is fragmented
        
        3.Phages assemble and host DNA is packaged in one of the phages
        
        Phage with host DNA infects a different bacteria
        
        New bacteria= Recombinant bacteria different from both parents
        
        Phage injects bacteria
      - Conjunction
        
        DNA transferred between 2 prokaryotes of the same species
        
        Pilis is formed ans attaches to recipient
        
        pulls both cells together
        
        "mating bridge"
        
        F Factor
        
        Ability to form pili with the presence with a specific piece of DNA the DNA
        
        Found in DNA sequence
        
        Hfr (high frequency recombination)
        
        both donar cell and recipient cell produce another copy resulting in double strand DNA
        
        Help with genetic variation
        
        F Plasmid: different form of factor
        
        hinder the affects of anitbadies
        
        Mutation= Resistance
        
        natural selection help create resistant bacteria
        
        R Plasmids:resistance plasmids
        
        help bacterium reproduce with the resistance of antibiotics
        
        natural selection is killing off the non resistant bacteria
      - Transformation
        
        Recombinant:Chromosome contains DNA form 2 different species= horizontal gene transfer
        
        genotype taken up by foreign DNA
  - - - increase diversity in species with short generation times
- - - - Biofilms:metabolic cooperation between 2 diff species occurring by capsules forming
        
        common in nature
        
        cause problems contaminating industrial products
        
        cause tooth decay/ health probelms
        
        channels allow the transport of nutrients and exiting of waste
        
        secrete signals recruiting near by bacteria
      - most have filament chains that carry photosynthesis
        
        Ex: Cyanobacteria
        
        Heterocyst:a few specialized filaments carrying out Nitrogen Fixation surrounded by a thick wall blocking out O2
      - allows bacteria to use resources that were not available to them
    - - cyanobacteria
      - produce usable N2 for plants
      - production of amino acids and nucleic acids
    - - Photoheterotroph
        
        Organic compounds
      - Chemoheterotroph
        
        Organic compuonds
        
        Light energy
    - - Chemoautotrophs
        
        uses inorgainc chemicals
        
        use chemiclas
      - Photoautotrophs
        
        use light for energy
        
        carbon source is inorganic
    - - Anaerobic respiration:use other substances other than O2
- - - - Response to antibiotics
        
        Bacteria: Yes
        
        Archaea: No
        
        Eukarya: No
      - Circular Chromosome
        
        Archaea: Yes
        
        Eukarya: No
        
        Bacteria : Yes
      - Peptidoglycan
        
        Bacteria: Yes
        
        Archaea: No
        
        Eukarya: No
      - Linear Chromosome
        
        Archaea: No
        
        Eukarya: Yes
        
        Bacteria: No
      - Membrane Bound Organelles
        
        Bacteria: No
        
        Archaea: No
        
        Eukarya: Yes
      - Growth at temperatures >100
        
        Bacteria: No
        
        Archaea: Yes
        
        Eukarya: No
      - Nuclear Envelope
        
        Archaea: No
        
        Eukarya: Yes
        
        Bacteria:No
  - - - very useful to daily lives
      - Proteobacteria:divese clade of gram negative bacteria
        
        heterotrophs
        
        photo/chemo autotrophs
      - many other species branch off
    - - share traits with bacteria and eukaryotes
      - extemeophiles: they can live in extreme conditions
        
        thermophiles:live in very hot environments
        
        halophiles:live in highly salty environments
      - Methanogens:live in moderate environments
        
        use CO2 to oxidize H2 and produces energy and methane as waste
        
        anerobic
        
        decomposers for sewage
        
        found in cattle guts to help decompose
      - discovery of a "supergroup" that are not extremephiles
        
        "TACK:" used from the 1st letter of their names
        
        carry characteristics related to eukaryotes
- - - - 'glowing bacteria on deep sea fish help out fish by attracting and giving bacteria nutrients
    - - bacteria that live on our bodys surface
    - - harm but do not kill immidiatley
      - pathogens:parasites that cause diseases
- - - - lyme disease is spread by tick bites
    - - Exotoxins:proteins secreted by certain bacteria
        
        capable of producing toxin without bacteria present
      - Endotoxins:are only released when bacteria die and cell wall breaks down
        
        they are lipopolisaccharide from gram negative bacteria
  - - - beer/wine
      - fermintation
      - convert milk to cheese and yogurt
    - - Make us of the CRISPR-Cas system in fighting HIV
    - - reduce the use of petroleum
        
        produce ethanol from biomass