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Communication and Culture (Cocultures and Communication (Regional…

- - - - Intergroup Communication - the interaction between members of cocultures
      - Age (e.g. teen, senior citizen)
      - Sexual Orientation (e.g. LGBTQ)
      - Physical Disability (e.g. wheel-chair users, deaf persons)
      - Language (e.g. native/non-native speakers
      - Religion (e.g. Mormon, Muslim)
      - Activity (e.g. biker, gamer)
  - - - In-groups - groups which we identity with
      - Out-groups - groups which we view as different from us
  - - - Although Asian cultures are more collectivistic, many Asians identity themselves as individualists.
      - There is more difference between two Americans with vastly differing levels of formality than two casual members of different cultures.
- - - - relatively tolerant of conflicts, using a direct, solution-orientated approach
      - self-reliance and competition
      - "I gotta be me"
    - - less direct, placing greater emphasis on harmony
      - more attentive and concerned with the opinions of significant others
      - "If I hurt you, I hurt myself"
      - For example,
        Thailand is a collectivistic culture.
  - - - Communicators often avoid speaking directly if doing so would threaten another person's dignity
      - For example, Thailand is a high-context culture.
    - - Values straight-talk and grow impatient with people who "beat around the bush"
  - - - In cultures that avoid uncertainty, out-of-the-ordinary people and ideas are considered dangerous; high intolerance
      - In cultures that are less threatened by the new and unexpected are more likely to tolerate/welcome people who don't fit the norm; low intolerance
      - For example, Thailand is a high certainty avoidance culture.
  - - - Cultures with high power distance believe that those in higher power/social status must be respected and honored.
      - Cultures with low power distance believe in minimizing the differences between various social classes
      - For example, Thailand has relatively high power distance.
  - - - Silence can be interpreted as lack of interest, unwillingness to communicate, hostility, anxiety, shyness, or a sign of interpersonal incompatibility
      - Talk is used for social purposes, as well as performing tasks
    - - Japanese/Chinese people more often believe that remaining quiet is the proper state when there is nothing to be said
      - To Asians, talkative people is often considered a show-off or a fake
  - - - Gender roles are more differentiated
      - Competitiveness, independence, assertiveness are highly valued
    - - Gender roles are less differentiated
      - Equality, relationships, cooperation, and consensus building are emphasized
- - - - Race offers little use in explaining individual differences
  - - - "Speakers of standard ("newscaster") English are typically viewed as more competent and self-confident than others, and people tend to take what they say seriously."
    - - the "high-involvement" style of Jewish New Yorkers
    - - "People from the southern and border states smile the most, and Midwesterners smile more than New Englanders."
      - People from Thailand usually smile; Land of Smiles
  - - - Being open about gender identity can create a sense of authenticity and belonging into a supportive coculture
      - People may be shocked/judgemental and ridicule individuals they consider to be nontraditional, discriminate against them, or even attack them.
      - "CNN host Anderson Cooper didn't tell the public he was gay for years because he considered it private information, he felt it might put him and others in danger, and he thought he could do a better job as a journalist if he 'blended in.'"
  - - - Shia and Sunni sects
      - Protestants and Catholics
    - - "Dating in the Orthodox faith is communication centered and focused, a bit like a job interview."
      - "Teens who believe that only one religion has merit date less frequently than other teens, perhaps because their pool of acceptable partners is smaller."
    - - "Members of the evangelical churches are likely to view parents as family decision makers and honor children for following their advice without question."
  - - - "The shared experiences of deafness can create strong bonds."
  - - - Today, Western cultures mostly honor youth, and attitudes about aging are more negative than postive.
  - - - "Gangs provide people who are marginalized by society a sense of identity and security in an often dangerous and hostile world."
- - - - reduced prejudice
      - greater productivity
      - better, more positive relationships
      - lower stress levels
      - a more cooperative communication climate
      - disconfirm stereotypes
      - "Door-to door canvassers in Los Angelos were able to dramatically change attitudes of area residents by engaging in 10-minute conversations aimed at breaking down stereotypes."
  - - - Ethnocentrism - the attitude that one's own culture is superior to others'
      - Prejudice - an unfairly biased and intolerant attitude toward others who belong to an out-group
      - Hegemony - the dominance of one's culture over another
  - - - Passive observation - noticing what behaviors members of a different culture use and applying these insights to communicate in ways that are most effective
      - Active strategies - reading, watching films, and asking experts and members of the other culture how to behave, as well as taking academic courses related to intercultural communication and diveristy
      - Self-disclosure - volunteering personal information to people from the other culture with whom you want to communicate
  - - - Experiences with culture/adjustment shock are normal occurrences
      - I also have experienced adjustment shock the first time I came here to America.
      - "- when Lynn Chih-Ning Chang came to the United States from Taiwan for graduate school, she cried every day on the way home from class."
- - - - What bothered you?
        
        I'm bothered to know that, on average, one out of five hate crimes are committed on the basis of someone's sexual orientation or gender identity.