Culture and styles of Mng.

Culture is dynamic and evolves

Gullestrup proposes a conceptualization of culture: has both static and dynamic elements. Has three dimensions:

Vertical dimension: VALUES/NORMS
1. Core Nature ( Philosophy of life/ norms and values from the previous generation)

  1. Manifested Culture (what is seen)
    🚩

Dynamic dimension Change-Initiating Factors:

  1. Internal Factors: development in research, technology, trade
  2. External Factors: change in nature 🚩

Horizontal dimension (8) cultural segments in a present

  1. Technology
  2. Economic Institutions
  3. Social Institutions
  4. Political Institutions
    5.Religious Institutions
  5. Language & Communication
  6. Reproduction & Socialisation
  7. Ideology 🚩

Management Tasks (5) ⭐

3. Staffing (H&R) + Hiring and allocating employee

4. Directing + Leading the organisation

2. Organizing

  • organising actions needed to achieve a goal

1. Planning + goals and objectives of the company

5. Controlling + Monitor performance of the company

Model of Culture (8) ⭐

5. Structure (Individualism/Collectivism)

6. Communication (High Context/Low Context)

4. Power (Hierarchy/Equality)

7. Action (Doing/Being)

3. Space (Public/Private)

2. Time Orientation (Present/Past/Future)

1. Time Focus (Monochronic/Polyhronic)

8. Competition (Competitive/Cooperative)

Hofstede depicted culture as onion

  • Its outer layers represent visible manifestations of culture and at its core lies the culture's values.

Fang points out that: Onions do not seem to have a core and one can simple keep peeling it into almost nothing

Culture is not set of values:

  1. Earley: culture is not set of values, culture is a meaning which we attach to aspects of the world around us.
  2. McSweeney: disputes any casual link between a culture's average tendencies and the individuals in it If values form a fundamental basis of culture, how can they be defined?

The Interaction between Values and Behaviour


1. Sonderberg & Holden: culture should be considered in terms of the interactions between people. Culture is a matter of sharing 'patterns of meaning and interpretation'.
2. Fang Not only are behaviors shaped by beliefs and values, but they can proactively shape new beliefs and values, thereby germinating (прорастающий) the process of culture change.
Fang maintains that at the heart of this interaction are not societies but individuals who are subject to all sorts of influences.