Viruses and Bacteria

Viruses

Bacteria

Both Viruses and Bacteria

Nitrogen Fixation: Turning nitrogen into ammonium

Antibiotic: Drug used to target bacterial infections and ineffective against viruses

Archaea: Single celled organisms that favor extreme environments with little to know oxygen

Bacillus: Rod shaped bacteria

Binary Division: Division of bacteria cells into two or more parts

Biofilm: Surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation

Bioremediation: Biological agents that remove contaminants (bacteria)

Capsule: Layer of protein surrounding the cell wall that makes them sticky

Chemoautotroph: Oxidizes organic substances and only needs carbon dioxide

Coccus: Spherical prokaryote

Conjunction: DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells temporarily joined

Cyanobacteria: Photosynthetic prokaryotes

Endotoxin: Chemical compound inside the bacteria that is only released when the bacteria dies

Bacteria

Gram Negative: Has walls that are simple (thick layer of peptidoglycan) (Pink when stained with safranin)

Gram Positive: Less peptidoglycan (Purple when stained with crystal violet)

Flagellum: Tail of bacteria the allows movement

Halophile: Bacteria that live in environments that are high in salt

Fimbriae: Version of pili that allows it to stick

Methanogen: Organism that produces methane as a waste product of the way it obtains energy

Facultative Anaerobe: An organism that can live without oxygen present (cellular respiration or fermentation)

Mutualism: Symbiotic relationship that benefits both organisms

F and R Plasmids: Plasmids in cells (F+, F- for reproduction, R for resistance)

Nucleoid: A non membrane enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located

Exotoxin: Toxic protein secreted by bacteria to protect themselves

Obligate Anaerobe: Organism that carries out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Oxygen will poison and kill it

Photoautotroph: Organism which uses light energy to make ATP from organic compounds from carbon dioxide

Photoheterotroph: Organism which uses light energy to make ATP from organic compounds

Peptidoglycan: Polymer found in bacterial cell walls made of modified sugars

Pili: Bacterial structure which helps hold cells together and transmits DNA (sex pilus)

Spirillum: Spiral structure and is gram negative bacteria

Plasmid: Small DNA molecule which holds extra genes separate from the bacteria's chromosome

Restriction Enzyme: Cellular enzyme that cuts off foreign DNA, preventing virus from replicating in a bacteria

Strep: Chain of round bacteria (coccus); gram positive

Symbiont: Small bacteria that is the smaller organism in a symbiotic relationship

Staph: Clusters of round bacteria (coccus); they are anaerobic/aerobic; gram positive

Symbiosis: When two different species work together and are close; can be a positive or negative relationship

Taxis: Specific movement made by bacteria in response to stimuli; moves away or to stimuli; moves to environment best for them

Transduction: Phanges carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another

Thermophile: Bacteria that grows best in high temperature

Transposon: DNA segments that store location in a cells genome

Transformation: Change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. One bacteria eats another and keeps its DNA

Reverse Transcriptase: Enzyme that coverts virus RNA into DNA that fits with host DNA

Temperate Phage: Phanges capable of using both lytic and lysogenic using both means for replicating within a bacterium

Retrovirus: Virus that has RNA and primarily uses reverse transcriptase to replicate its viruses

Vaccine: Harmless derivative of a virus that stimulates the hosts immune system to fight the virus

Prion: Infectious mis-folded protein (mad cow disease); no known cure

Viroid: Virus without protein that is very infectious for plants; smaller than a virus

Lytic Cycle: Virus enters a host cell and takes over the host cell to start synthesizing a new virus and destroying the cell by lysis or budding

Lysogenic Cycle: Integration of a virus in the DNA of the host cell until stimulated

Viruses

Enterovirus: Single-stranded RNA virus

Envelope: Outer layer of some viruses, derived from plasma membrane of host

Capsomere: Subunit of a capsid made of proteins

Helix: Spiral structure

Capsid: Protein shell that encloses the viral genome; icosahedron (12 sides), helical

Host Range: The number of host cells a virus can infect

Bacteriophage: Viruses that infect bacteria

Icosahedron: A polyhedral capsid with 12 faces

Antiviral: Drug to help cells by slowing down viruses to allow the immune system to do its job

Virulent Phage: Phage that only replicates by a lytic cycle

Pandemic: A global epidemic

Host: Part of a symbiotic relationship that serves as food or home (the bigger species)

Parasitism: Ecological interaction in which one organism, the parasite, benefits by feeding off another organism, the host

Genetic Recombination: Mixed up DNA from different organisms

Pathogen: Anything that causes disease

Epidemic: A widespread outbreak of a virus or bacteria in a certain region

Prophage: Integrated viral DNA which either is copied during cell replication or lytic cycle

CRISPR-Cas System: CAS proteins identify and cut phage DNA

Provirus: Stored viral DNA but hasn't started making viruses yet

Commensalism: Interaction between two species where one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed

Vector: Organism that transmits pathogens from one host to another