Viruses and Bacteria
Viruses
Bacteria
Both Viruses and Bacteria
Nitrogen Fixation: Turning nitrogen into ammonium
Antibiotic: Drug used to target bacterial infections and ineffective against viruses
Archaea: Single celled organisms that favor extreme environments with little to know oxygen
Bacillus: Rod shaped bacteria
Binary Division: Division of bacteria cells into two or more parts
Biofilm: Surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation
Bioremediation: Biological agents that remove contaminants (bacteria)
Capsule: Layer of protein surrounding the cell wall that makes them sticky
Chemoautotroph: Oxidizes organic substances and only needs carbon dioxide
Coccus: Spherical prokaryote
Conjunction: DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells temporarily joined
Cyanobacteria: Photosynthetic prokaryotes
Endotoxin: Chemical compound inside the bacteria that is only released when the bacteria dies
Bacteria
Gram Negative: Has walls that are simple (thick layer of peptidoglycan) (Pink when stained with safranin)
Gram Positive: Less peptidoglycan (Purple when stained with crystal violet)
Flagellum: Tail of bacteria the allows movement
Halophile: Bacteria that live in environments that are high in salt
Fimbriae: Version of pili that allows it to stick
Methanogen: Organism that produces methane as a waste product of the way it obtains energy
Facultative Anaerobe: An organism that can live without oxygen present (cellular respiration or fermentation)
Mutualism: Symbiotic relationship that benefits both organisms
F and R Plasmids: Plasmids in cells (F+, F- for reproduction, R for resistance)
Nucleoid: A non membrane enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located
Exotoxin: Toxic protein secreted by bacteria to protect themselves
Obligate Anaerobe: Organism that carries out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Oxygen will poison and kill it
Photoautotroph: Organism which uses light energy to make ATP from organic compounds from carbon dioxide
Photoheterotroph: Organism which uses light energy to make ATP from organic compounds
Peptidoglycan: Polymer found in bacterial cell walls made of modified sugars
Pili: Bacterial structure which helps hold cells together and transmits DNA (sex pilus)
Spirillum: Spiral structure and is gram negative bacteria
Plasmid: Small DNA molecule which holds extra genes separate from the bacteria's chromosome
Restriction Enzyme: Cellular enzyme that cuts off foreign DNA, preventing virus from replicating in a bacteria
Strep: Chain of round bacteria (coccus); gram positive
Symbiont: Small bacteria that is the smaller organism in a symbiotic relationship
Staph: Clusters of round bacteria (coccus); they are anaerobic/aerobic; gram positive
Symbiosis: When two different species work together and are close; can be a positive or negative relationship
Taxis: Specific movement made by bacteria in response to stimuli; moves away or to stimuli; moves to environment best for them
Transduction: Phanges carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another
Thermophile: Bacteria that grows best in high temperature
Transposon: DNA segments that store location in a cells genome
Transformation: Change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. One bacteria eats another and keeps its DNA
Reverse Transcriptase: Enzyme that coverts virus RNA into DNA that fits with host DNA
Temperate Phage: Phanges capable of using both lytic and lysogenic using both means for replicating within a bacterium
Retrovirus: Virus that has RNA and primarily uses reverse transcriptase to replicate its viruses
Vaccine: Harmless derivative of a virus that stimulates the hosts immune system to fight the virus
Prion: Infectious mis-folded protein (mad cow disease); no known cure
Viroid: Virus without protein that is very infectious for plants; smaller than a virus
Lytic Cycle: Virus enters a host cell and takes over the host cell to start synthesizing a new virus and destroying the cell by lysis or budding
Lysogenic Cycle: Integration of a virus in the DNA of the host cell until stimulated
Viruses
Enterovirus: Single-stranded RNA virus
Envelope: Outer layer of some viruses, derived from plasma membrane of host
Capsomere: Subunit of a capsid made of proteins
Helix: Spiral structure
Capsid: Protein shell that encloses the viral genome; icosahedron (12 sides), helical
Host Range: The number of host cells a virus can infect
Bacteriophage: Viruses that infect bacteria
Icosahedron: A polyhedral capsid with 12 faces
Antiviral: Drug to help cells by slowing down viruses to allow the immune system to do its job
Virulent Phage: Phage that only replicates by a lytic cycle
Pandemic: A global epidemic
Host: Part of a symbiotic relationship that serves as food or home (the bigger species)
Parasitism: Ecological interaction in which one organism, the parasite, benefits by feeding off another organism, the host
Genetic Recombination: Mixed up DNA from different organisms
Pathogen: Anything that causes disease
Epidemic: A widespread outbreak of a virus or bacteria in a certain region
Prophage: Integrated viral DNA which either is copied during cell replication or lytic cycle
CRISPR-Cas System: CAS proteins identify and cut phage DNA
Provirus: Stored viral DNA but hasn't started making viruses yet
Commensalism: Interaction between two species where one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed
Vector: Organism that transmits pathogens from one host to another