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Description:

First known as Vibrio subtilis, this bacterium was discovered by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1835. It was renamed in 1872 by Ferdinand Cohn.

Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) is a Gram-positive, aerobic bacterium. It is rod-shaped and catalase-positive.

B. subtilis is found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and humans.

Interesting Facts:

B. subtilis is considered the best studied Gram-positive bacterium and a model organism in the study of bacterial chromosome replication and cell differentiation.

It is also known as hay bacillus, grass bacillus or Bacillus globigii.

The word bacillus refers to the shape of the bacteria (rod-shaped) and subtilis means slim, slender.

B. subtilis is often used as a probiotic preparation in the treatment or prevention of intestinal disorders. It is also used to produce antibiotics, as a fungicide, and in alternative medicine.

This bacterium is part of the same family as Bacillus anthracis (anthrax).

When stressed, B. subtilis transforms itself into a spore and enters a dormant state, allowing it to tolerate extreme environmental conditions.

B. subtilis holds the record for surviving in space for the longest duration, 6 years on a NASA satellite.

Infection:

B. subtilis is generally considered non-pathogenic

It has been implicated in food poisoning caused by poor quality bakery products among others.

B. subtilis food poisoning has a rapid onset and with acute vomiting, commonly follow by diarrhoea.

B. subtilis spores can survive the heat applied during cooking.

Description:

Discovered by Theodor Escherich in 1885.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium normally found in the intestines of intestine of humans and animals. Most strains are harmless and an important part of a healthy intestinal tract.

Interesting Facts:

This bacteria is the best or most-studied free-living organism and has a record of 11 prestigious Nobel prizes associated with it.

More than 700 serotypes of E. coli have been identified.

It causes infection by producing Shiga toxins – how severe you suffer depends on the type of E.coli.

What makes E. coli remarkably dangerous is its very low infectious dose and how difficult it is to kill.

It can grow with or without oxygen.

The best-known and most notorious type is E.coli O157:H7

E. coli can be used to make useful substances, like human insulin, human growth factor, taxol and epidermal growth factor.

Infection:

E. coli bacteria may give rise to infections in wounds, the urinary tract, biliary tract, and abdominal cavity.

It can cause septicaemia, neonatal meningitis, infantile gastroenteritis, tourist diarrhoea, and haemorrhagic diarrhoea.

An E. coli infection may also arise due to environmental exposure.

Infections with this type of bacteria pose a serious threat to public health with outbreaks arising from food and water that has been contaminated with human or animal faeces or sewage.