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Bacteria and Archaea (Major groups of bacteria (Proteobacteria-gram…
Bacteria and Archaea
Major groups of bacteria
Proteobacteria-gram negative, uses all forms of trophs to produce energy. Split among five subgroups-alpha. beta, gamma, delta, epsilon
Alpha proteobacteria- closely related to eukaryotic hosts. Often used by genetic engineers to carry foreign DNA into the genomes of crop plants. Some say these evolved from Aerobic alpha proteobacteria to mitochondra through endosymbiosis
endosymbiosis- relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cells of another
Beta Proteobacteria- nutritionally diverse subgroups that contains Nitrosomnas, a genus of so)il bacteria that is involved in nitrogen recycling by oxidizing ammonium(NH4^+)
Gamma Proteobacteria-autotrophic members that include sulfur bacteria. oxidyzing H2S and creating sulfate as a waste product.
Delta Proteobacteria- subgroupd including slime secreting myxobacteria- bacteria that occur when soil dries out or food is scarce congregating into a fruiting body which release myxospores that find more suitable colonies.
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Chlamydias- parasites that can only survive within animal cells, depending on host for resources like ATP. The cell walls are gram negative but contain no peptidoglycan.
Spirochetes-helical gram negative heterotrophs spiral through their environment by means of rotating flagellum like filaments.
Cyanobacteria-gram negative photoautotroph. only prokaryotes with plant like photosynthesis. components of many phytoplankton
Gram-Positive bacteria-commonly help decompose the organic matter in the soil. Lack cell walls and tiniest of all cells
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Archaea
extremophiles- archaea that live in environments so extreme that few other organisms can survive there
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Extreme thermophiles- Archaea that thrive in hot environments where their DNA and proteins do not dismantle at high temps
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Gram Stain-technique used to categorize biological species according to differences in cell wall composition. Done by first staining with crystal violet dye and iodine, then rinsed in alcohol, then stained with red dye like safranin that enters the cell and binds to its DNA,
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Gram negative- bacteria containing a cell wall with less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex, containing a outer membrane that contains -lipposaccharides(carbohydrates bonded to lipids)
peptidoglycan- A polymer that makes up bacterial cell wall composed of modified sugars cross linked by short polypeptides.
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The genetic diversity of prokaryotes is a result of rapid reproduction, mutation and genetic recombination
A prokaryotes constant reproduction leads to increased mutations which is similar to evolution allowing different variations of a bacteria to combat against immune systems
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Originally prokaryotes which all life on earth share as a common ancestor. Bacteria were originally single celled organisms that entered wounds of other living things eventually devleloping further through evolution to affect specific species.
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus with their their chromosome is located in the nucleoid A region of cytoplasm not enclosed by a membrane. they have have a cell wall composed of a layer of polysaccharide or protein in what is known as a capsule
Bacteria develop resistant cells called endospores which is used when the bacteria does not have water or essential nutrition. It replicates the viruses chromosome and surrounds it with a multilayered structure where it remains dormant until conditions can support it.
Some prokaryotes stick to their substrate or to one another by means of hairlike appendages called fimbriae
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Eukaryotes-cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Organisms with these cells are called eukaryotes
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