SEVERE CRAMPING & LOSS OF MUSCLE MASS.
Anatomy of muscle.
MUSCLE FIBERS: muscle cells
FASCICLES: bundles of muscle fiber
SARCOLEMMA: plasma membrane of the muscle cell
ENDOMYSIUM: sheet of connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell.
MYOFIBRILS: contractile unit of a muscle fiber made of myofilament
EPIMYSIUM: layer of connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle.
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM: smooth E.R. that stores . calcium in resting muscle cell
T-TUBULES: the contractile fibers inside a muscle cell.
SARCOMERE: parts of the sarcolemma that folds into the muscle fiber & allow membrane potentisl to reach all myofibrils inside the cell.
Muscle fatigue factors
Excitation-contraction coupling steps.
Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum:
Initiation and propagation of action potential along the sarcolemma and T-tubules.
Development of an end plate potential at the motor end plate.
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Severe cramping
Back pain may be caused by a mild muscle strain or a bulging or ruptured disc, also pain in the upper thighs and buttocks makes the discs in between the vertebra begin to wear down and become damaged
Intensive weight-training
If done improperly, intensive weight-training can lead to overuse injuries of the muscle, tendon, or bone. These injuries can occur if the load is too heavy or if the muscles are not given sufficient time between workouts to recover
His diet is lacking essential minerals required for the physical activity. Tofu, a good source of protein and contains essential amino acid and, phosphorous. A good source of magnesium include soy
leg cramps is a deficiency in some kind of electrolytic mineral, oftentimes potassium or magnesium. Overuse of your calf muscle during exercise can cause leg cramps at night.
Decrease in glycogen
Changes in the events of skeletal muscle contraction
Excitation at the neuromuscular junction
Excitation-contraction coupling: connection between the electrical action potential and the mechanical muscle contraction.
Cross-bridge cycle: The energy released during ATP hydrolysis changes the angle of the myosin head into a “cocked” position, ready to bind to actin if the sites are available. ADP and Pi remain attached; myosin is in its high energy configuration.
Fuels & compounds needed by muscle
muscles also have large stores of a carbohydrate, called glycogen, which can be used to make ATP from glucose.
Using creatine phosphate: A energy phosphate molecule that stored in the cells can be used to re-synthesis ATP as soon as ATP has been used.
Using glycogen: Muscles have large stores of carbohydrate, called glycogen, which can be used to make ATP from glucose.
Using aerobic respiration: The presence of oxygen allows aerobic respiration take place to break down the glucose for ATP.
Glucose can come from the remaining glucose supply in the muscle cells. glucose from food in the intestine & glycogen in the liver.
Atrophy
muscle tear as well as damage to ligaments and tendons as well as the surrounding soft tissue.
Pain in shoulder may lead to inflammation, altered tissue alignment and irregular movement. The tendon may not move smoothly, and cause pain in the affected area.
A lactic acid buildup around muscles can trigger cramps; however, they happen during anaerobic respiration when a person is exercising or engaging in an activity where the heartbeat rises.
Excessive sweating, when not mitigated by proper diet can deplete the muscles store of the water and electrolytes they need for energy, especially sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. If there is loss of too much fluid and salt, the ions in the nerves that regulate contraction will be disrupted, and cramps will become more likely
Overhydration
Overhydration can lead to water intoxication. This occurs when the amount of salt and other electrolytes in your body becomes too diluted.
May cause Hyponatremia, a condition in which sodium (salt) levels become dangerously low
If your electrolytes drop too low too quickly, it can be fatal. Death by overhydration is rare, but it can happen.
when structural proteins are lost and muscle mass decreases.
Because muscular enlargement is achieved by the addition of structural proteins, the building of the muscle mass involves large amounts of protein.
His loss of weight is due to the lack of protein
Severe cramping in calves, thighs, buttocks, back and shoulders as well as increased fatigue. Muscle mass loss.
A skinny 22-year-old male model, on a bodybuilding spree, whois on a vegan diet, skip meals to prevent body fat and consumes mainly water and fruit juices excluding sports drinks.
Changes with intense activites
Short sprint: the available ATP and the ATP made available through phosphate transfer are primarily used.
For longer runs glycolysis is used initially, but will be replaceed by aerobic cellular respiration
Replacing lost fluids with plain water doesn't replace electrolytes, but this isn't usually an issue when you exercise for only a short time, but it can become an issue when you exercise for more than an hour.
Sports drinks help replace lost fluids, due to it electrolyte content.