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Muscle Cramping and fatigue (Background (Factors of Fatigue (Crossbridge…
Muscle Cramping and fatigue
Background
Anatomy of a Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
arranged into bundles of muscle fibers
fascicles
Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding skeletal muscle
Epimysium
Dense irregular connective tissue with large network of blood vessels and nerves surrounding fascicles
Perimysium
innermost areolar connective tissue layer which insulates the muscle fibers
endomysium
Cordlike structures that attach muscle to bone
Tendons
Thin, flattened sheets of dense irregular tissue
aponeurosis
dense irregular connective tissue external to the epimysium
separates individual muscles
Deep Fascia
Fascia composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue
Separate muscle and skin
Superficial fascia
muscle is innervated or connected to and controlled by motor neurons.
Skeletal muscle composed of a network of blood vessels delivering both oxygen and a nutrient to muscle fibers
Cytoplasm of muscle fibers is called sarcoplasm.
The skeletal muscle fiber, plasma membrane, is called the sarcolemma.
Sodium/potassium pumps are located along the length of the sarcolemma
Voltage-gated sodium channels and voltage-gated potassium channels are located along the sarcolemma
establish conductivity
sarcoplasmic reticulum is an internal membrane complex which encases groups of myofibrils
Terminal cisternae lie next to each T-tubule, serve as calcium ion reservoirs.
Each myofibril contains bundles of protein filaments called myofilaments.
Thick filaments are comprised of bundles of 200 to 500 myosin protein molecules
Myosin consists of two strands, with each strand having a head and a tail.
Thin filaments are made of two strands of actin protein
Troponin and tropomyosin are regulatory proteins and make up the troponin-tropomyosin complex.
Tropomyosin is a short, thin twisted filament that covers actin strands and myosin binding sites of noncontracting muscle.
Troponin is a globular protein and binding site for Ca2+.
Sarcomeres are myofilaments inside myofibrils
I bands are bisected by the Z disc, contain only thin filaments, and are pulled past thick filaments during maximal muscle contraction
A bands
Contain entire thick filament
Thin filament only partially overlap
H zones
Most central portion of A band
Only thick filaments
Lack thin filament overlap
M lines
thin transverse protein networks
in center of H zone
Connectin
aka titin
extend from z-disc to m-lines
stabilize and align thick filaments
Compress during contraction to make passive tension
Nebulin
Actin binding protein
Part of I band
Responsible for thin filament length during sarcomere construction
Factors of Fatigue
Crossbridge cycling
increased phosphate of the sarcoplasm interferes with release of phosphate from myosin head.
Insufficient calcium ions at neuromuscular junction
Change in ion concentration during excitation- contraction coupling
Prohibits fibers from conducting action potentials across the sarcolemma
Fatigue: Reduced ability or inability of a muscle to produce tension due to excessive or sustained exercise and
decreased glycogen stores is called muscle fatigue.
Muscle Fuel
Phosphagen system
Anaerobic system
generates ATP by use of high-energy phosphate
molecules
Provides five to six
seconds of energy at maximum exertion
Immediate fuel supply
Anaerobic cellular respiration
aka Glycolysis
Produces 2 ATP
Lack of enough O2 can cause buildup of pyruvate
causes buildup of lactic acid
Used by heart as fuel to generate ATP
Used by liver to produce glucose by gluconeogenesis
Short term supply
Aerobic Cellular respiration
Occurs in mitochondria
fueled by pyruvate generated from glycolysis
Generates ATP from fatty acids
Longer the fatty acid chain the more ATP is generated
Preferred fuel molecule
Long term fuel supply
Additional energy
ATP and creatine
generated by creatine kinase transfer of phosphate from creatine
phosphate
Excitation- contraction coupling
Excitation contraction coupling
Occurs in Sarcolemme, T-tubules, and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Development of an end plate potential (EPP) at motor end plate
Release of Calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Initiation and propagation of an action potential along sarcolemma and T-tubules
Excitation of a muscle fber
Calcium ion entry at the synaptic knob
Release of ACh from synaptic knob
Binding of ACh to ACh receptor at motor end plate.
Occurs in Neuromuscular junction
Crossbridge cycling
Occurs in the Sarcomere
Calcium ion binding
Crossbridge formation "attach"
Power stroke "pull"
Release of myosin head "release"
Reset myosin head "reset"
Note: Steps will move from top to bottom
Intense training regimen
Pro: Can help build muscle
Con: Without proper nutrient and pacing it can cause muscle damage
Continued Intense Training
Muscle degeneration
loss of strength
Loss of mobility
Continued fatigue
Affected Systems
Muscular system
Continued muscle damage due to workout
Malnourished due to diet
Death from lack of needed ionization
Skeletal system
Lack of functioning muscle
Unable to move body
death
Cardiovascular system
Lack of appropriate nutrients weakens the body
Degeneration of muscle mass in heart would cause it to weaken
death
Heart attack
Juice Diet
Lack of proteins
Lack of sodiums
Potential overload of potassiums
stray from baseline may lead to death
Lack of nutrients
Malnutrition
Continued loss of muscle mass
Death
Most intake will be made into fat for preservation
Juice diet
Pro: Fibrous
Con: Does not contain all necessary nutrients
No sport drinks
Lack of electrolytes
Lack of salt, sugars, potassium, etc
If no changes are made he would ultimately perish