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Geography C2 Unit 8(Management of Coastal Environnment (Hard Strategies…
Geography C2 Unit 8(Management of Coastal Environnment
Hard Strategies
Dykes
Along a Coast
Pros
Long-term Protection
Cons
Accelerating Beach Erosion
Disrupting Natural Interaction
Expensive
Sea Walls
Along a Coastline
Groynes
Right Angle to the Coastline
Pros
Protecting Beaches
Trapping Sediments
Easy/Inexpensive
Cons
Shifting the Problem to Downshift Location
Poor Visual Impact
Barriers to Recreational Activities
Revetments
Parallel to the Coastline
Gabions
At the Foot of a Cliff
Cons
Poor Visual Impact
Maintenance
Breakwaters
Offshore(Parallel/At an Angle to the Coastline)
Riprap/Rock Armour
Along a Coast/At the Foot of a Clif
Pros
Absorbing Wave Energy/Reducing Erosion
Less Expensive
Fewer Environmental Impacts
Soft Strategies
Beach Nourishment
Periodic Replenishment of Sand
Pros
Protecting Coastline
Tourism
Inexpensive
Cons
Continuous Maintenance
Altering Habitats/Biodiversity
Land Use Zoning
Site of Special Scientific Interest(SSSIs)
Presence of Rare Fauna/Flora Species
No New Development/Change in Land Use
The Mai Po Marshes
Pros
Low Cost
Protecting Sites of High Ecological Value
Preventing/Reducing Future Damage
Ninepin Group
Coastal Protection Areas
Retaining Natural Coastline
Development Protecting the Existing Natural Landscape/Essential Infrastructure
The Estuary of the Ho Chung River in Sai Kung
Cons
Cannot Reduce Existing Damage
Less Land for Development
High Relocation Cost
The Coastline along Pui O in Lantau
Preserving Coastal Environment
Marine Parks/Reserves
Protecting/Manging Ecologically Important Marine Environments/Resources
Supporting Conservation/Recreation/Education/Research Activities
Managed Retreat(Do Nothing)
Evolving Naturally
Places with Low Population Density
Happisburgh
Pros
Low Maintenance Cost
Allowing Natural Sustainable Processes
Flooded Land--->Swamp/Mudflat--->Habitats
Cons
Expensive Compensation Costs
Loss of Property/Farmland
The Land with Low Value+No Significant Risks to People
Education/Training
Public: The Value of Ecosystem
Pros
Long-term Environmental Conservation
Fishermen: Proper Methods of Fish Farming
Sai Kung
Cons
Slow Outcomes
Legislation/Monitoring
Legislation
Controlling Sewage/Industrial Discharge
Pros
Interests Balanced
Objective Standard
Monitoring
Monitoring Water Quality
Identifying Active Sources of Pollution
Environment Impact Assessment(EIA)
The Third Airport Runway
Cons
Time-consuming Outcomes
Difficult/Expensive of Enforcement of Laws/Regulations