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THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ANCIEN REGIME AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT (The Ancien…
THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ANCIEN REGIME AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The Ancien Régime
17th and 18th
Monarchs more powerful
Increased
Crafts
Trade
Bourgeoisie became wealthier
Advances
Philosophy
Science
System
Politics
Absolute monarchy
Crown
unlimited authority
belived power from God
France
Parliamentary monarchy
monarch's
England
Limited power by parliament
Economy
Agriculture
low productivity
outdated techniques
tools
Crafts
Guilds
Trade
Discovery of America
new routes
Mercantilism
economic system
European absolute monarchs
country's wealth depended
Gold
Silver
protectionist policies
Limited imports
Encourage exports
expensive foreign products
Society
Estates of the realm
Privileges
1º Clergy
2º Nobility
No privileges
Bourgeoisie
Petite bourgeoisie
Peasantry
The transformation of
the Ancien Régime
18th
Enlightenment
Intellectual movement.
Criticised structures of AR
To reform society
Reason
Science
Education
Characteristics
Learning and teaching
people must
learn as much as possible
share their knowledge
educate
enlighten
society
Reason
only source of knowledge
Not rational
beliefs
dogmas
Progress
use
reason
scientific improvements
would lead a society
armonious
perfect
with no wars,
no illnesses
Equality and liberty
crucial
Enlightened thinkers believed
better society
all men
free
before the law
equal
Happiness
every man has
the right
happy
the duty
Individual happines
contributes
social happiness
Politics should be
make people happier
make people wiser
Ideas spread through
newspapers
periodicals
schools
special academies
salons
meetings in their homes
discuss new ideas
D'Alambert and Diderot
ENCYCLOPAEDIA
collection of writings
summarised knowledge
philosophy
art
grammar
science
Enlightened philosophers
Voltaire
criticized religious
dogmatism
absolutism
Power should be
limited by Parliament
Montesquieu
analysed
compared
different political sistems
defend
English parliamentarism
separation of powers
Rousseau
established basis of democracy
politics should be based
agreement between
citizens
their government
Economy
Agriculture
Crop rotation
New machinery
Repopulation
increased production
New crops
potatoes
corn
Skilled craftmanship
Increase in demand
consumer goods
Rural areas
domestic system
textiles
Restrictions by the guilds
Royal manufacturers
luxury goods
Monarchy
nobility
bourgeoisie
Commerce
Domestic trade limited
inadequate transportation systems
Improve of roads
Canals
International trade
Increased exchange
Europe to Africa
Textiles
rum
manifactued goods
Africa to Amrerica
slaves
America to Europe
Sugar
Tobacco
cotton
Society
Scientific advances
Improvements
nutrition
hygiene
Reduction
number of epidemics
States system, some reforms
Critics to the influence
nobility
clergy
Laws to limit power
confiscated
lands
buildings
Number of convents reduced
Bourgeoisie
protested against
nobility
privileges
clergy
inspired by the ideas
value of work
value of progress
Peasants
living conditions
didn't improve
domestic system
gave money
Enlightened Despotism
Absolutism + Enlightenment ideas
“everything for the people, but without the people”
Characteristics
Political centralisation
power in the capital
Jesuit
Control over the Church's power
Attack to privileged people's idleness
revalorisation of work
Education
improve
people's quality of life
country's wealth
country's prosperity
free people from ignorance
European enlightened despots
Joseph II (Austria)
Frederick the Great (Prussia)
Catherine the Great (Russia)
Carlos III (Spain)
not succeed as a form of government
maintained the privileges of the states system
legal reforms
sufficient to guarantee
equality
members of society
freedom