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S4 (good visions (results (research questions (how do managers view…

- - - - middle and senior managers
  - - - how do managers view leadership?
      - what is the role of the discourse on leadership?
      - how does the discourse relate to the self-understandings and identities of managers?
      - how do managers relate to normative positions around management and leadership?
  - - - features
        
        high degree of ambiguity
        
        explaining factors
        
        difficulty in assessing processes dealing with complex problems in which professional knowledge is central
        
        complicated authority relationships in which the power of senior managers may be restricted
        
        a lot of the work appears "black boxed" to managers
        
        professional norms and occupational cultures make employees less inclined to subordinate themselves to managerial hierarchies
        
        large part of work is intellectual, draws on mental abilities rather than physical
        
        tactic and local knowledge of all members of the organization is the most important factor in success
      - prescribed "good" leadership in this context
        
        indirect and facilitating leadership
        
        Create the right conditions that allow the presumed core competences of the professionals to develop
      - themes in the managers conceptaulisations
        
        visionary leadrship
        
        strategies and long-term guidlines
        
        micro-management
        
        bad management
    - - conceptualisations
        
        might turn out to be something primary related to the identity construction of individual managers, securing a sense of being in charge, and moving masses through a difficult and unknown terrain
      - research and theory
        
        problems
        
        many definitions
        
        "good leadership"
        
        features
        
        creates change
        
        do the right things
        
        being proactive in a indirect and supporting manner
        
        takes place through visions, strategies and guidelines
        
        power dynamics
        
        2 more items...
        
        management
        
        maintaining stability
        
        do things right
        
        dry practice
        
        bureaucracy
        
        leadership
        
        problematic assumptions
        
        methods removed from the real world, lacking ecological/external validity
- - - - qualitative research (grounded theory)
        
        assumption that data may guide the researcher to understand specific phenomena and develop theory
      - critique
        
        massive but unsuccesful
        
        percived as destructive and neglected
        
        addresses philosophical and epistemological issues, but do not critique at the level of research practices to the same extent
        
        strains
        
        interpretvist
        
        centrality of preunderstanding, paradigms and metaphors
        
        discursivist and constructivist
        
        deny science any privileged access to the objective truth about the social world
        
        language construct rather than mirror phenomena
      - features
        
        great faith in and empirical inquiry
        
        strong belief that the collection and processing of data can prove or disprove various hypothesis and theories
  - - - features
        
        mode of knowledge production
        
        relative loosely structured
        
        open to what the interviewee feels is relevant and important to talk about, given the interests of research project
      - advocates
        
        the approach is beneficial inasmuch a rich account of the interviewee´s experiences, knowledge, ideas, and impressions may be considered and documented
      - epistemological positions/paradigms
        
        critical
        
        Alvessons reflexive pragmatism view
        
        components
        
        reflexive
        
        features
        
        3 more items...
        
        pragmatism
        
        features
        
        1 more item...
        
        features
        
        working with alternative lines of interpretation and vocabulary and reinterpreting the favored line(s) and understanding through the systematic involvement of alternative points of departure
        
        interpretation through eight metaphors for interviews
        
        social problem
        
        cognitive problem
        
        institutional problem
        
        problem of self esteem
        
        problem of motivation
        
        contruction problem
        
        problem of autonomy/determinism
        
        localism
        
        features
        
        interview statements must be seen in their social context
        
        the interview should not be seen as a tool for collecting data on something existing outside the empirical situation of the interview
        
        people are nit reporting external events but producing situated accounts, drawing upon cultural resources in order to produce morally adequate accounts
        
        share some features with postmodernism, reacting the mirror metaphor
        
        critique
        
        narrow focus
        
        underestimation of using knowledgeable subjects to communicate important insights about their social reality
        
        noncritical
        
        romanticism
        
        fetures
        
        advocates a more genuine human interaction
        
        believes in establishment of rapport, trust and commitment as a prerequisite in order to be able to explore the inner world or the experienced social reality of the interviewee
        
        emphasize interactivity and closeness, the subjects are regarded as participants
        
        aim
        
        accomplish deeper fuller conceptualizations of those aspects of our subjects lives we are most interested in understanding
        
        metaphor
        
        neopositivism
        
        features
        
        the interview conversation is a pipeline for transmitting knoeledge
        
        solutions to problems with interview as a method
        
        superficial and cautious responses
        
        solutions/techniques
        
        3 more items...
        
        metaphors
        
        instrument
        
        human encounter
- - - - study methods
        
        dia and other methodsry method
        
        nature of work is in short burst, manger to busy to record proarly
        
        both are full time occupations
        
        necessitates theoretical understanding, is not a good way of generating new theory in an unexplored field
        
        structural observation
        
        topics
        
        How much structure to use
        
        too much
        
        lead to the problem with diaries
        
        an inability to develop an understanding of the things we know nothing about
        
        too little
        
        inability to record much of the important data and tabulate the findings and reproduce the reserach
        
        features
        
        couples flexibility of open-ended observation with the discipline of seeking certain types of structured data
        
        methodology
        
        1 observation of manager
        
        collecting and categorizing data
        
        2 each observed event is categorized according to perceived attributes and inserted in spreadsheet , the categories are created on the fly, not from litterature or past experience
        
        attributes/categories
        
        1 more item...
        
        record anecdotal information and anecdotal materials
        
        once observations are done sum it all up in a compounded spread sheet
        
        analyse the data
        
        5 To types of conlusions
        
        managerial roles
        
        1 more item...
        
        characterisation of managerial work
        
        1 more item...
        
        difficulties
        
        problem of understanding what is taking place
        
        problem of exclusion from confidential sessions
        
        solution
        
        briefing
        
        2 more items...
        
        meeting
        
        1 more item...
        
        ristricted sample size
        
        coding the data
        
        purpose
        
        duration
        
        critizism
        
        hawthorn effect
- - - - consultancy
        
        diffrences
        
        unscientific and unsystematic
        
        example
        
        search of excellence
        
        problems
        
        1 more item...
        
        diffrent agendas
        
        increase efficiency by limiting time wastning activities
        
        prescriptive rather than descriptive
        
        presentism
        
        Previously generated theoretical and empirical findings is often rejected
        
        not neutral (strongly favored outcome)
        
        confiirmation bias
      - journalism
        
        diffrences
        
        lacks a systematic account of the procedure by with the results/conclusions are made
        
        lacks an account of relevant literature on the topic
        
        lacks account of the philosophical stance (ontological and epistemological)
        
        lack methodological discussion and awareness of good practice
    - - problems
        
        the risk of bureaucracy and the beuroctaic personality
        
        if the tools becomes an end in themselves
        
        if rules are followed too literally or interpreted to narrow
        
        personality
        
        guided by instrumental rationality and the pursuit of efficiency over and above values
        
        reserach can become an instrumental, gameplaying exercise, without there being a clear sense of why the game is played in the first place
        
        physics envy
        
        critique against positivists researchers, those that treat management research as physics
        
        positivists researchers
        
        features
        
        hypothetic-deductive method
        
        assumes that it is possible to generate management theory that is neutral, detached and free from value-judgement
        
        aim
        
        generate generalisable knowledge about management that enables explanation of how and why things are the way they are, and through this influence the future
        
        critical ad infinitude
        
        interpretivist
        
        features
        
        its difficult if not impossible to generate general and neutral knowledge
        
        management knowledge is situational specific, owning to the complexities and the unique character of the particular cultural and historical moment
        
        inductive and iterative (cyclical) method
        
        experience-near approach
        
        aim
        
        generate understanding through knowledge creation
      - definition
        
        the systematic investigation using scientific methods
    - - practisioner resercher
        
        aim
        
        improve management through change
        
        features
        
        wants to get close to managerial practice
        
        may appear as having no agenda, but has often a normative intent
      - manager teoretican
        
        features
        
        armchair theoretician
        
        builds theoretical arguments/models
        
        lacks engagement with the emperical world
      - craft resercher
        
        features
        
        creative, breaking away from established ways
        
        art as well as an science
        
        switch perspectives in order to build a complex picture
      - techniqual-rational resercher
        
        features
        
        emphasus on rigorous use of prticular reserch methodologies
        
        aim
        
        to get published in high status outlets
        
        chooses toppics that are poular with external founders