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Applied Anatomy & Physiology (Skeletal & Muscular Systems (The…

- - - - Ligament
        
        Structure: A tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue.
        
        Function: Connects bone to bone and establishes joints during movement.
      - Synovial Fluid
        
        Structure: Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity.
        
        Function: Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage.
      - Articular Cartillage
        
        Structure: Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones.
        
        Function: Absorbs shock and allows friction-free movement.
      - Joint Capsule
        
        Structure: A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane.
        
        Function: Encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid.
      - Bursa
        
        Structure: A closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones.
        
        Function: Reduces friction between tendons and bones.
      - Synovial joints are crucial in sport and exercise, as they allow free movement. They have common features but are designed differently to allow a range of motion on one or more planes of movement.
      - The joint type and size and shape of articulating bones will allow a specific range of motion at a joint. From the large range of motion possible at the ball and socket joint of the shoulder, to the limited range of motion at the hinge joint of the ankle.
    - - The skeleton is a shaping framework for the body which gives protection for internal organs, is the site for blood cell production and is a mineral store. Crucially for human movement, the skeleton provides attachments for the muscular system, and acts as the levers and pivot points required to create movement.
      - There are several types of bone that make up the skeleton:
        
        Flats bones such as the Sternum, Ribs, Cranium and Pelvis protect internal organs but also act as suitable sites for muscular attachment.
        
        Long bones such as the Femur, Humerus, Radius, Tibia and Phalanges act as levers for movement and act as a site for blood cell production.
      - There are also irregular bones such as the Vertebrae, which protect the Spinal Cord, short bones such as the Carpals and Tarsals, which bear weight well, and the sesamoid bones such as the Patella, which ease joint movement and resist compression.
    - - The size and shape of the articulating bones and the joint type depict the range of motion possible at a joint. If a person stands in the anatomical position, we describe their movement in three different dimensions, based on three planes:
        
        The Sagittal Plane lies vertically. it divides the body into left and right parts from the medial to the lateral.
        
        The Frontal Plane lies vertically. It divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
        
        The Transverse Plane lies horizontally. It divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
      - To be able to analyse movement, improve technique, train or rehabilitate after injury, it is important we can describe the movement patterns along these three planes.
      - Ball and Socket
        
        Sagittal Plane
        
        Flexion & Extension
        
        Frontal Plane
        
        Abduction & Adduction
        
        Transverse Plane
        
        Horizontal Flexion, Horizontal Extension, Medial and Lateral Rotation
      - Hinge
        
        Sagittal Plane
        
        Flexion, Extension, Dorsi-Flexion and Plantar Flexion
      - Condyloid
        
        Sagittal plane
        
        Flexion and Extension
        
        Frontal Plane
        
        Abduction and Adduction