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Ruminant toxins (Nitrate-nitrite (Nitrate caustic to rumen wall, also…
Ruminant toxins
Nitrate-nitrite
Nitrate caustic to rumen wall, also converted to nitrite
Nitrite accumulates in stressed/fertilised plants (cereals, maize, sorghum)
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Chocolate MMs, collapse, convulsions, sudden death
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Corynetoxins
Nematode (Anguina spp) hosts bacteria (R. toxicus) and colonises seed head (must have mature pasture at seed)
Affects blown-grass, beard grass and ryegrass
ARGT, floodplain staggers
Prostration, ataxia, hypermetria, collapse, nystagmus, opisthotonus
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Ergot alkaloids
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Necrosis of distal limbs (gangrenous) or drooling, dyspnoea, outstretched neck, protruding tongue (hyperthermia)
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Paterson's curse, fireweed, ragwort
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Poor condition, ataxia, partial blindness, abdominal straining, rectal prolapse
Salt poisoning
Excessive Na intake, or water restriction with sudden intake of large water volumes.
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Tremors, blindness, circling, convulsions, coma, death
Staggers syndrome
Phalaris
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Usually 10 day lag for CS development (consumption dependant) - head nodding, bunny hopping, wide-based stance, ataxia, death
Paspalum
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Noise hypersensitivity, twitching, ataxia, falling
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Ryegrass
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High morbidity, low mortality
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Climate (warm, wet) & grazing factors (requires grass seed head)
Tremors, ataxia, hypermetria, collapse
Swainsonine/calystignine
Darling Pea, Potatoes, Eggplant
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Simplexin
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Pulmonary vasoconstriction, GIT irritant, anaemia
Diarrhoea, jugular distension, dependant oedema, sudden death following exertion
Sulfur
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PEM syndrome (stargazing, head pressing, twitching, hypermetria, sudden death)
Urea poisoning
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Salivation, twitching, bruxism, ataxia, convulsion, collapse
Oxalates
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Ca/Mg binding, causing peracute hypoCa/hypoMg
Muscle tremors, weakness, collapse, death
Fluoroacetate
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CNS overstimulation (dogs), cardiac dysfunction (cattle, sheep)
Cyanotoxins
Blue-Green algae (drought, eutriphication)
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Glycosides
Cyanogenic
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Converted to cyanide in the rumen, which blocks ETC and suspends oxygen in blood (cherry red blood)
cyanotic MMs, convulsions, sudden death
Cardiac
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epicardial/endocardial haemorrhage, cardiac failure
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