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Lecture 7: Biological perspective (Hans Eysenck (Introverts (Withdraw to…
Lecture 7: Biological perspective
Hans Eysenck
Introverts
Withdraw to avoid overstimulation
Fewer mistakes on tasks requiring vigilance
More alert when nth is happening
Need more depressant drugs to reach given index of unalertness
Higher basal cortical activation
Neuroticism
emotional arousal exaggerates behavioural responses of introverts & extroverts
emotional arousal causes them to become "more of what they are"
High-->reflects easily aroused emotion centers in brain
ARAS
Arousal & alertness
(Ascending reticular activating system)
Extroverts
seek stimulation to elevate arousal
More bored by repetitive tasks
Less alert when nth is happening
Require more stimulants to reach given level of arousal
Lower basal cortical activation
Level of extraversion/introversion reflects diff in cerebral cortex activation
BIS-BAS
BAS
Responsible for positive emotions (left prefrontal cortex)
Regulate mvt toward desired states/objects
Relates to conditioning involving +ve outcomes, but not -ve outcomes
diff levels of BAS sensitivity->diff behavioural & emotional responses to incentives
may be related to dopamine activity
Jeffrey Gray
Personality based on 2 hypothesised brain systems underlying motivational systems
Ppl differ from each other in relative sensitivity of their BIS and BAS system
relationship
BAS
High->sensitive ppl respond to +ve mood manipulations
elements of extraversion
+ve emotions
Sociability & impulsivity
pursuit of incentives
BIS
anxiety at core of emotionality
related to neuroticism/emotionality
high BIS->respond to anxiety manipulations
BIS
Relates to conditioning involving -ve outcomes, but not +ve outcomes
diff levels of sensitivity->diff behavioural & emotional responses to punishment
Associated with anxiety (right prefrontal cortex)
Regulate mvt away from undesired states or objects
may be related to serotonin/GABA
Areas of disagreement bet Gray & Eysenck
Role of Impulsivity
Eysenck's model
impulsivity->interplay of high extraversion and moderate neuroticism
according to Gray, impulsive ppl don't learn well from punishment, have an overly high BAS & weak BIS, more responsive to rewards
Gray thinks impulsivity with +ve affect belongs with extraversion
impulsivity items don't load with BAS or extraversion items in a factor analysis->indicate the 2 concepts differ conceptually or there's another factor
Role of Sociability
ignored by Gray, missing from Gray's BAS
BAS sensitivity could be viewed as sensitivity to social incentives
Extraversion could be considered a blend of overall BAS sensitivity and social-specific BAS sensitivity
other studies suggest
core of extraversion is reward sensitivity & tendency to experience +ve affect
Eysenck views extraversion as pursuit of incentives, +ve emotions & sociability while Gray sees it as all the same except instead of sociability, it is impulsivity
Marvin Zuckerman Sensation seeking
Eg. more high-risk sports, sexually experienced, drive faster
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
Relate to levels of sensation seeking
Regulates Serotonin levels->associated w social dominance, aggression, gene linked to impulsivity
High sensation seekers in search of new,varied & exciting experiences
Functions
Regulates exposure to stimulus intensity
Do well in overstimulating conditions
Low sensation seekers adapt better to most ordinary circumstances, shut down under intense conditions
High sensation seekers open themselves up to stimulation
Impulsive unsocialised sensation seeking
relates inversely to sociability & positively with aggression
relevant in antisocial personality disorder
inability to exhibit behaviour appropriate to social constraints
involves a focus on immediate consequences instead of long term consequences of behaviours
Hormones (Testosterone) & personality
Testosterone action
Rises after
sexual intercourse
Challenged by insults
Success in competitive event/team wins
Falls after
Failure, humiliation/team lost
Evolution
Female
no adv for aggressiveness, interfere with reproductive success & child rearing activities
Modern society
Physical strength not so impt now, more emphasis on socioeconomic terms
Male
Overt aggressiveness->confer dominance & status->reproductive advantage
Testosterone
Developmental default is female
Exposure to androgens
Male physical & neurological development
High levels of prenatal androgens
Higher self-reported physical aggression scores when given hypothetical situations
Cross-gender toy selection among girls
Higher prenatal levels weeks 8-24, months 1-5 after birth, after puberty for normal males
Focus on associations with dominance & antisocial behaviour
Factor analysis
Testosterone loads with impulsivity, sensation seeking & dominance
+ve correlation with
Being trial lawyer, actor, Football player
More dominant, confident in social interactions
Military veterans had trouble with parents teachers classmates when growing up
Not being married, getting divorced, having affiar, domestic abuse
violation of prison rules among inmates; more likely to commit violent crimes
effects of testosterone can lead men into lower SES jobs cos testosterone promotes antisocial bhvr & disrupt education->lead ppl away from white collar jobs
ppl high in testosterone put in positions of low status=upset & perform poorly
Men, Women & Oxytocin
Diff response activated for females
Females "tend & befriend"
Tending
-> calming offspring to protect from harm
Befriending
->affiliating & bonding with others to reduce risk cos "safety in numbers" & increase chance of receiving tending from one another when needed
Oxytocin
females typically have higher levels than males
Androgen inhibit release of oxytocin under stress
relaxation, calming, social bonding
Estrogen activates the release of oxytocin
released during orgasm, childbirth, massage & breast-feeding
^hence men & women react diff to stress
stressful conditions
men tend to remove themselves from social interaction
women immerse themselves in nurturing those around them
Fight or flight response for males who don't carry offspring
Assessment
EEG
measures electrical brain activity in diff locations to find out what areas of brain involved in what mental activity
eg. can identify if person is dominated by incentive motivation or by avoidance motivation by looking at left vs right prefrontal activation levels at rest
PET
Person receives radioactive form of glucose
more active brain areas use more radioactive glucose
maps brain activity from metabolic functions
Hormones in saliva, sweat, blood or urine
MRI
brain imaging from magnetic fields created from neural activity
CASTS
MENS