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AENEID ESSAY NOTES (THEMES (INTERTEXTUALITY, ALLUSION, MODELS (HOMER…

- - - - Venus
      - Juno
  - - - Amata
      - Lavinia
      - Juturna
      - Camilla
      - Cruesa
    - - Palinurus
      - Drances
      - Iarbas
  - - - ILLIAD
      - ODYSSEY
        
        CONVENTIONS
        
        nekyia, book 11 - cult practice, Odysseus summons shades after talking to Teiresias
    - - Greek mythology
    - - Alexander
        
        O lux Trioae, germane Hector, quid ita cum tuo lacerato corpore miser es... - Paris [76-79]
        
        'O lux Dardiniae, ...' Aeneas, 2.281
        
        Aeneas as a sort of brother-figure
        
        the sight of the wounds elicits pathos
        
        aut cur haec vulnera cerno? 2.286
    - - poem 64
    - - Book 4, Bugonia, 284 - produce new bees
  - - - Hercules as a model for Aeneas shows that anger, while morally ambiguous,
        
        infrendens dentibus, ... feruidus ira 8.229 - 'gnashing his teeth... hot with rage'
        
        Mezentius described verbatim 10.718
        
        yet still conflicts with Anchises' advice in the underworld
        
        parcere subiectis et debellare superbos 6.851 - ' spare the vanquished and to crush the proud
        
        third element, justice: 'pacique imponere morem' - crown peace with justice*
      - Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
        
        distinguishes 3 types of anger: excess, deficiency, and a good temperment
        
        ira and iracundia
        
        a virtuous person is angered in appropriate situations and appropriately proportionate to the severity of the situation, need anger for bravery
        
        Cicero Tusculan disputatons 4.22.50
        
        disagrees with Aristotleand distinguishes between anger and bravery using Hercules as a model
        
        Horace - anger a disorder and break from one's habitual self - Epistles 1.2.62
        
        K. Galinsky 1998 - The Anger of Aeneas 321-48
        
        'In the Aristotelian sense (...) Aeneas is an example of a morally perfect man'
        
        dsagree: Aeneas not acting out of bravery, the severity of his anger is disproportional to the threat and the situation has passed*
      - an extra layer of difficulty is added by the fact that his need to exact justice and fulfil his promise* [to Pallas], he listens to Turnus' appeal as he is moved [rationally and emotionally], just his promise coincides with an emotional response
        
        ! the disctinction here is that Aeneas is not acting out of bravery, in both Aristotle and Cicero's sense his anger is excessive AND inappropriate, creates discomfort
        
        in order to justify his anger, one seeks reasons for it, but there are still many complexities and ambiguities
        
        oculis postquam saevi monimenta doloris
        exuviasque hausit, furiis accensus et ira
        terribilis: 12.945
        
        momentia etymologically derived from word for 'memory', he has remembered his duty to Pallas
        
        saevi a signal that Aeneas' grief is excessive in this situation*
      - it is not just anger, but anger wanting revenge
        
        Epicureans and Stoics felt that revenge was unhealthy
      - Reactive and Objective Attitudes: Anger in Vergil's Aeneid and Hellenistic Philosophy
        
        Strawson's concept of moral responsibility
        
        Reactive: both have fully agency and liability
        
        Objective: the 'superior' refrains from a reactive attitude where otherwise it would be acceptable to
        
        Stoics and Epicureans represent objective attitudes
        
        agree: 12.215, Vergil plants discomfort with power asymmetry, 'but it had long seemed to the Rutulians that this was not an even contest and their hearts were still more confused and dismayed... impar ea pugna videri iamdudem et vario misceri pectora motu
        
        Aristotle's concept is a social judgement, of how someone has acted towards yourself or those close to you and they are acting on the basis of social norms which are agreeable to both parties
        
        l: Iliad's notions of heroism are different to that of the Aeneid, sense of old heroism in Turnus and initially Aeneas
    - - Conte, The Rhetoric of Imitation, [p169]
        
        the Aeneid is like a "broken mirror", the balance of "epic objectivity" tends towards a disintegration of truly epic structure and risks a relativism that opens upon no definately positive outcome
        
        "The multiplication of points of view makes the epic norm and its ideological direction relative"
      - polysemy of repeated words
        
        i.e. condere - found, establish, thrust
- - - - anachronism
- - - - l: Greek tragedy
      - Primacy of Vision in Virgil's Aeneid - Riggs Alden Smith (2005)
        
        Augustan reform (especially through arts, architecture, re-purposing of poetry), Aeneas a hero who understands world through sight and acts on what he sees, Turnus is "a character associated with the power of oratory"
        
        agree: miscommunication/ information insufficiency causes many significant plot points and also conveys irreconcilability of some old and new ways of living
        
        link: this insufficiency, generality, ambiguity, and instability can create doubt, anxiety or [mistaken relief] in the readers and the characters themselves
        
        link: notion of further voices
        
        Supporting Example: Aeneas and Dido's marriage can be predicted to not be recognised by Venus as see relies on the tragedies of misreported information
        
        4.165 "conscius aether conubiis", with Aeneas' allies departed, he and Dido's marriage has no mortal recognition as it is only witnessed by the gods
        
        agree, link - tragedy, metapoetics: futher, Rumour can exploit this tragic history associated with indirect speech, that mistaken interpretation can be fatal, to bring about Dido's end
        
        4.188: "tam ficti pravique tenax quam nuntia veri"
        
        vision is associated with Rome's foundation [p62]
        
        B8: future sight of Rome [p62]
        
        Troy in B2 a basis for Rome [p62]
        
        mistaken Apollo's propechy at Delos, causes them to found their city in a place where the plague strikes [p62]
        
        l: Oedipus
        
        soon after Aeneas is alerted of Anchises' mistake in a dream seeing the Penates 3.172 [p62]
        
        vision of a means of connecting Rome's past and future [p64]
        
        l: Ekphrasis
        
        In Aeneas' vision, the Penates repeat some of Illioneus's speech (3.163-166, 1.530-33) [p64]
        
        occurs chronologically before Illioneus' speech in B1 but sequentially occurs after [p64]
        
        anachronisms that arise from vision are a means of securing its permanent truth
        
        also repeats Ennius' est locus Hesperiam - both literal and epic past
        
        agree: Penates themselves are an iconographic object, they lend themselves to visualisation
        
        Vergil obviously understands the emotional appeal of the visual, prompting tears from Aeneas as he sees a freize depicting the Trojan war in Carthage in B1
        
        he calls Aeneas a 'voyant visible' to convey how he is able to vividly see important aspects of future of Rome in the world around him and his past
        
        *pathos for Aeneas as he tries to cling to Cruesa's shade:
        ter conatus ibi collo dare bracchia circum;
        ter frustra comprensa manus effugit imago,
        par levibus ventis volucrique simillima somno.* 2.792-4
        
        [85/6] pagentry Aeneas taken to a high vantage point by Anchises in order to see his descendants
        
        'et tumulum capit unde omnis longo ordine posset
        adversos legere et venientum discere vultus.' 6.752-5
      - l: *Enargeia - vividness of description in rhetoric*
  - - - his definition exludes objects, which is the most significant literary model
      - descriptive speech, vivid (enarges) and bringing what is shown before the eyes
      - can be of times, places, people, seasons, actions
        
        much of the Aeneid ekphrastic under this definition
      - can be mixed (i.e place and time)
    - - people, actions, times, palces, animals, growing things, descriptions mustt be complete, must have a relaxed (aeneimenos) style
    - - presents rhetorical ekphrasis described in progymnasmata as a different entity from its literary usage
      - he points out that ekphratic descriptions occur at "crucial moments of intersection" in the text
        
        they are not a "nonessential digression" but rather as foci where smaller synecdoches suggest ways in whcih the larger text can be interpreted and reinterpreted
      - agree: times where ekphrasis used to make important points
        
        8.642, Romans sacrificing a sow to ratisfy the treaty with the Sabines
        
        8.654, Manlius Tarpeian rock near, described prior
- - - - foundation myth
        
        site of Rome pictured vividly
        
        *passimque armenta videbant 8.360
        Romanoque foro et lautis mugire Carinis.*
        
        et gelida monstrat sub rupe Lupercal
        Parrhasio dictum Panos de more Lycaei. 8.343-4
      - lineage
  - - - Didactic
      - 6.791-5, 'hic vir, hic est, tibi quem promitti saepius audis, Augustus Caesar, diui genus, aurea condet saecula qui rursus Latio regnata per arva Saturna quondam,
        
        'and this in truth is he whom you so often hear promised to you, Augustus Caesar, son of a god, who will again establish a golden age in Latium amid fields once ruled by Saturn; he will advance his empire...'
    - - B4
    - - presentation of people of Latium
      - Augustus, Res Gestae 25.2 - ' The whole of Italy voluntarily took oath of allegiance to me and demanded me as its leader in the war in which I was victorious at Actium.'
      - native people of Rome in Evander's description 8.313
        
        'Then king Evander, founder of Rome's citadel: 'In these woodlands the native Fauns and nymphs once dwelt, and a race of men sprung from trunks of trees and hardy oak, who had no rule or art of life,' tum rex Euandrus Romanae conditor arcis: haec nemora indignae Fauni Nymphaeque tenebant genesque virum truncis et duro robore nata,quis necque mos neque cultus erat,' - incompatability of old ways with new Roman ways
    - - The Poetics of Alliance in Vergil's Aeneid, Bill Gladhill (2009)
        
        desecrated/ defiled altars reflect prior 'ruptured alliances' in the epic cycle and Roman history more generally
        
        contrusts ethnic and spatial unification
        
        Poetics of Alliance
        
        "the narrative action of the Aeneid is a functon of foedera, or ritual events that perform treaties."
  - - - Priam's death
        
        vidi... Priamumque per aras sanguine foedantem quos ipse sacruerat ignis 2.496-505
        
        adapted from Ennius' Andromache
        
        92-94, 'Priamo vi vitam euitari, Iovis aram sanguine turpari - Priam's living force by force unlifed, Jupiter's altar befouled with blood'
        
        parallel of his death with Pompey
  - - - ara pacis
    - - Archaic Attic black-figure amphora of Aeneas carrying Anchises from Troy (490-480 BC)