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70 year old female has developed a viral infection of the lungs…
70 year old female has developed a viral infection of the lungs
Respiratory System
Lung anatomy from cells to organs
Type I cells
Squamous epithelial cells
Form major part of the alveolar walls
Type II cells
Cuboidal epithelial cells
Secrete surfactant that coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces
Surfactant reduces surface tension and helps prevent lung collapse
Secretes antimicrobial proteins important to innate immunity
Macrophages
Consume dust, bacteria, and other debris
Crawl along internal alveolar surfaces
Branches of the bronchi (primary, secondary, tertiary)
Alveolus (single)
Alveolar Sac (group)
Alveolar Duct (what they use to get there)
Cardiac notch- allows space for the heart
Respiratory physiology at the alveoli level
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli
Oxygen pressure must be kept higher in the alveoli than in the blood
Carbon dioxide pressure must be kept lower in the alveoli than in the blood
Gas laws that describe the diffusion of gasses across membranes
Fick's law
Rate of diffusion of a gas is determined by the chemical nature, surface area, partial pressure gradient, and the thickness of the membrane
Henry's law
The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are different (contact with surface of a liquid)
Dalton's law
Nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide all act independently
Graham's law
Rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight
Boyle's law
If volume increases, pressure decreases (volume and pressure have an inverse relationship)
Concepts of partial pressure and how elevation affects partial pressure
Partial pressure- the pressure exerted by each gas
Partial pressure is directly proportional to the percentage of that gas in the mixture
Elevation affects partial pressure because the amount of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in higher or lower altitudes is different to sea level
At high altitudes, partial pressure declines in direct proportion to the decrease of atmospheric pressure
At a lower altitude, atmospheric pressure increases by 1 atm for each 33 feet of descent below sea level
Effects of inflammation on the respiratory system
If the alveoli are inflamed, it is hard for oxygen to pass through
Wheezing
Asthma
As she is an elderly lady, her body is unable to adjust as well as a younger person's body would be able to
She has just moved to Colorado from Fort Worth, so she is at a much higher altitude than she is used to
Fast, shallow breathing, wet, wheezy cough
Her body tries to make respiratory and hemotopoietic adjustments via an adaptive response called acclimatization
Effects of a location with higher altitude
Lower air pressure at high altitudes makes it more difficult for oxygen to enter our system
Respiratory system interacts with the circulatory system
Work together to circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body
Blood is the transport system for respiratory gases
Respiratory system interacts with the lymphatic system
Immune system protects respiratory organs from bacteria, bacterial toxins, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and cancer
If left untreated, she could get pneumonia
Pneumonia- infectious inflammation of the lungs, in which fluid accumulates in the alveoli
Effects of age
Elasticity of the alveoli loses their shape and become baggy
Rib cage bones become thinner and change shape (they are less able to expand and contract while breathing)
immune system weakens, making you more vulnerable to infections
Effects of fast, shallow breathing
Carbon dioxide in your system decreases below what it should be, this constricts cerebral blood vessls