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APPETITE AND EATING 2 (OBESITY (Health Impacts (Type 2 Diabetes…

- - - - type of muscle for development
      - Babies - 5% body mass fat
    - - 85% of fat
      - Insulates body
      - Long-term energy store
        Stored in single vacuoles
        More cells or enlargement of existing cells?
      - 20% women, 15% men = 1 month energy store
      - Distribution: men (belly), women (hips/thighs)
  - - - Weight/height cm2
      - Caucasian based
      - PRO: easy, remote, accurate, correlates w/ adiposity
      - CONS: no fat dist, variation muscle, age, trunk to leg, abdominal fat, fluid
    - - Stomach
        Top arm/leg
        Difficulty defining
    - - Stomach
        Waist-hip ratio
        heart disease/stroke risk detector
        no measure adiposity
        difficult to define in obese pops
    - - indirect body fat % measure - resistance of electrical flow
        sensitive to hydration levels
        rough overall measure
  - - - Wealthiest: 11.3-20%
        Poorest: 17.3%-28.6%
        African: 47%
        Latino: 42%
        White: 32.6%
    - - telephone data underestimates obesity rates by about 5%
    - - 25% obese
        Disadvantaged = 4x likely to be obese
  - - - Townsville
        Regional SA
        Gippsland
    - - 1989-44% OW, 11% OB
        2013- 63% OW, 28%OB
    - - Age 4 - 15% OW, 5% OB
        Age 10- 20%OW, 6%OB
        2019 (age 10) - 23% OW, 7%OB
  - - - Microvascular Disease
        
        Neuropathy (nerve death)
        
        Blindness
        
        Renal Failure
      - Macrovascular Disease
        
        heightened blood cholesterol and blood pressure
        
        Artheroscelorsis = blockage so blood cant reach the heart
        Death of heart tissue
      - Non-Insulin Dependent
        USA - 2015=20m
        More common African Americans
        AUS - 1.5m
        More common Islanders and Aborigines
      - Physiology
        
        Secretes more insulin = insulin resistant = failure of muscle, liver, and fats cells to respond to insulin = hyperglycemia (elevated BSL)
    - - increased plasma
      - Heart attack
        BMI>30=3x increased risk
- - - - Low Fat (Jenny Craig, WW)
        
        Very LF = medical interventions
        Optifast etc
        only 5% cals from fat
        1000-1200 cals/day
        Mostly presurgery
      - High Protein (Paleo)
        
        Ancestral diet (not actually similar - wild/farmed, higher fat or carb content)
        
        No studies that meet criteria
        weight loss seems no diff than other diets (LF LC)
      - Low Carb (Atkins)
        
        20m people
        Evidence incomplete
        Equally effective as LF HP
        Might be easier than LF
        Safety concerns: renal failure
    - - don't spike blood pressure
        no obvious WL benefits
        helps diabetes and cardio patients
  - - - PREMIER
        6 months - 5kg
      - DPP (diabetes prevention)
        6mo, 4kg
      - FDP (diabetes)
        12mo, 4kg