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The cell (Biologists use microscopes and biochemistry to study cells…

- - - - Centrifugation-spinning test tubes holding mixtures of disrupted cells at a series of increasing speed.
- - - - Some contain Microvili-Projections on the surface of cells that help with Absorption by increasing surface area
        
        Animal Cell
        
        Nucleus contains:
        
        Nuclear Envelope- Double Membrane enclosing the nucleus, perforated by pores, continuous with ER
        
        Nucleolus-nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes
        
        Chromatin-material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosome
        
        Endoplasmic Reticulum- Network of membrane sac and tubes that process proteins and lipids.
        
        Smooth ER- does not contain attached ribosomes. Produces membranes. Functions include synthesis of lipids, metabolism, of carbohydrates, detox drugs and poison via hydrolyzing them making it easier for the body to flush it out, and storage of calcium ions used for muscle movement.
        
        Smooth ER enzymes are used in synthesis of lipids, including steroids like sex hormones, oils, and new membrane phospholipids
        
        Rough ER- contains attached ribosome
        
        Lets out "secretory proteins" most of which are glycoproteins- proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them. Certain enzymes in the rough ER Lumen(interior of ER)secretes enzymes that attach the carbs to protein
        
        Leave out of the ER through the transitional ER wrapped in transport vesicles-a protective coating that transit from one part of the cell to another
        
        Peroxisome-organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide in order to get rid of cell toxins, or break down fatty acids down into smaller molecules sent to the mitochondria and used for cellular respiration
        
        Plasma Membrane-membrane enclosing the cell
        
        Golgi Apparatus-organelle made up of cisternae, active in synthesis, modification, sorting and secretion of cell products through vacuoles. Processing plant, made up of two parts on different ends cis and trans face
        
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        Ribosome-complexes that make protein through protein synthesis. free in cytosol or attached to rough ER and nuclear envelope. Not an organelle because not membrane bound.
        
        Mitochondrion-organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated
        
        Flagellum-Mobility structure made up of microtubules present in some animal cells sticking out of plasma membrane.(tail)
        
        Centrosome- region where the cells microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles
        
        Centrioles-structure in the centrosome of an animal cell that helps with cell division and helps make microtubules which help separate the chromosome during mitosis
        
        Microtubules- supporting cytoskeleton structure made up of proteins
        
        Cytoskeleton-reinforces cell shape and functions in cell movement, composed of three types
        
        Microfilaments
        
        intermediate filaments
        
        Microtubules
        
        Plant Cell
        
        Cell wall-outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, polysaccharides(carbohydrate made of sugar) and proteins
        
        Mitochondria
        
        surrounded by two membranes of phospholipid bilayers with embdedded proteins. inner membrane is folded inward in what are called cristae The inner membrane splits the mitochondria into two parts. The first is the space between the two membranes called the intermembrane space. The second is enclosed by the inner membrane and is known as the mitochondrial matrix.
        
        Mitochondrial matrix-contains many different enzymes as well as mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes
        
        Endiosymbiont Theory-theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell which then both evolved into a single organism
        
        peroxisome
        
        Specialized peroxisomes called glyoxisomes are found in fat storing tissues of plant cells. Contains enzymes that start the conversion of fatty acids and sugars. The seedling uses this as a source of energy and carbon until able to perform photosynthesis
        
        Golgi Apparatus
        
        Chloroplast-photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules via chlorophyll and other enzymes
        
        Smooth and rough ER
        
        made up of Cisternae-a system of interconnected tubules and sacs
        
        Thylakoids-a membranous system in the form of flattened sacs. Stacked up like poker chips, each stack is called granum
        
        The fluid outsoide the thylakoids is known as Stroma
        
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        Ribosomes
        
        Central Vacuole-storage and breakdown of waste products, causes hydrolysis of macromolecules.
        
        Nucleus
        
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        Cytoskeleton- a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. Made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
        
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        Free Ribosomes- ribosomes in the cytoplasm translate the genetic message, carried from the DNA in the nucleus by mRNA into a polypeptide chain.
        
        polypeptide chain-subunit of proteins, amino acids that are linked together.
        
        bound ribosomes-connected to ER, usually makes protein that enter the membrane, packaging within certain organelles like lysosomes, or for export from the cell(secretion) like protein secretion.
        
        plasma membrane
        
        Describe the path of protein through the cell: Begins as mRNA which is synthesized in the nucleus then passes out through a nuclear pore in the cytoplasm, where it is translated by attaching to a bound ribosome attached to an ER. The protein is synthesized into the lumen of the ER and might get modified in this process. A transport vesicle carries the protein to the golgi apparatus where it can be further modified and sent to its appropriate end destination