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THE MODERN PERIOD (Continuity: feudal economics and society (The structure…
THE MODERN PERIOD
Continuity: feudal economics and society
The structure of society was the same as the structure during the Middle Ages. Social groups were divided based on privileges.
The three estates
The clergy
Had spiritual function on society, did not paid taxes unless they agreed to do so in the courts.
Peasants
They did not had their own justice system and they paid taxes.
Noblemen
Did not work, could only be judged by the king or by other noblemen.
Collective privileges: cities
Cities enjoyed the greatest collective privileges exercised through the city council. Charging taxes having monopolies or administering justice.
Continuity: kings and kingdoms
The social structure was reflected in the political order of the time. Power was fragmented and was often the subject of disputies between monarchs, the privileged estates and cities. These disputies often led to social and political instability. The disputies also led to the appearence of institutions such as the courts and parliaments of the estates of the realm.
Changes: key characteristics of a new era
Although there was a lot of continuation from the Middle Ages, the Early Modern Period was a time of great change in Europe, when compared with the conditions of the previous period.
Religious changes
Jews and Muslims were persecuted. New set of beliefs against the pope.
Social changes
The wealthy class became more important. Never outnumbered the peasants nor power of the nobility. Europe recovered from the population crisis.
Cultural changes
New artistic styles appeared such cultural movements, Humanism on the Italian Peninsula. Europeans discovered and explored continents.
Political changes
Although parliaments did not disappear, monarchies gained a lot of power.
Economic changes
Craftwork and trade experienced a period of important growth, but crop and livestock -----> MAIN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Factors leading to geographical discoveries
One of the most significant historical events of the 15th and 16th centuries was the discovery of territories previously unknown to Europeans through maritime exploration.
Political and religious factors
Significant rivalry between Islamic and Christian states. This rivalry particulary relevant in the Iberian kingdoms.
Sociological factors
Associated with the Renaissance and the desire to learn and explore.
Demographic factors
The population grew and there was a higher demand for precious metals and products
Scientific and technical factors
There were scientific and technological advances in navigation, new types of boats, geographers believed that the world was round.
Economic factors
Gold and silver were needed to make coins, Europe dependent on products such as spices and silk, the traditional trade route was blocked so alternative routes had to be found.