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social studies coggle (4-1 (4-1 Railroads transformed the economy and the…

- - - - Samuel Morse developed the telegraph. He got help from Congress to build the nation's first telegraph line. In 1844 Morse sent the first telegram—from Baltimore to Washington, D.C.
      - In 1908 The ford model T was released by Henry Ford.
      - Henry Ford also invented the assembly line
      - 4-3 Industrial expansion was made possible in part by the development of new business practices and organizations—though there were costs to the new way of doing business.
        
        the economy growing after the Civil War, many businesses looked for ways to expand.
        
        n 1859 Drake drilled a well in Titusville, Pennsylvania. He struck oil. This led to the creation of a multimillion-dollar petroleum industry.
        
        Rockefeller used a tactic called horizontal integration. This means combining competing companies of the same type into one corporation.
        
        4-4 Industrialization created a large group of workers and also difficult working conditions. The result was the beginnings of the labor movement.
        
        People often worked in unsafe and unhealthful conditions. Steelworkers suffered terrible burns. Coal miners died in cave ins. Garment workers toiled in crowded and dangerous urban factories known as sweatshops
        
        In 1892 workers went on strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania. In an attempt to weaken the union, plant managers had cut workers' wages. In response, the union called a strike.
        
        Industrial growth created jobs. Yet factory workers paid a price for economic progress. They generally worked for 10 or 12 hours a day, six days a week. They could be fired at any time for any reason. Many lost their jobs during business downturns. Immigrants willing to take lower pay drove down wages.
        
        5-1 Immigrants to the United States brought with them the cultural heritage of their homelands.
        
        In the mid-1880s, large groups of "new" immigrants began arriving from eastern and southern Europe. Greeks, Russians, Hungarians, Italians, Turks, and Poles were among the newcomers. Meanwhile, the number of "old" immigrants from
        northern and western Europe went down. By 1907 southern and eastern Europe supplied 80 percent of all immigrants.
        
        Many of these newcomers were Catholics or Jews. Few of them spoke English. To some Americans, they did not seem to blend into society as easily as earlier immigrants had.
        
        Immigration to the United States shifted in the late 1800s. Before 1865, most immigrants other than enslaved Africans had came from northern and western Europe. After the Civil War, immigrants from other countries began making the journey to the United States.
        
        5-2 Immigrants and rural Americans migrated to the rapidly growing cities for jobs and opportunity.
        
        In 1884 William LeBaron Jenney put up a 10-story office building in Chicago. It was the world's first skyscraper
        
        In 1873 San Francisco began to construct cable-car lines. A large underground cable powered by a motor at one end of the rail line moved passengers along. In 1888 the city of Richmond, Virginia, pioneered the use of the trolley car.
        
        in the 1800`s most poor immigrants lived in places called slums
        
        5-3 The culture of a society changes over time and reflects the beliefs and values of that society.
        
        The 1862 Morrill Act gave states land they could sell to raise money. States used these funds to start schools called land-grant colleges.
        
        African American musicians in New Orleans developed an entirely new kind of music—jazz. Jazz combined elements of work songs, gospel music, spirituals, and African rhythms in a new and exciting mix.
        
        By 1914 most states required children to have at least some schooling. More than 80 percent of all children between the ages of 5 and 17 were enrolled in school.
        
        6-1 Individuals and groups worked to remedy what they believed were unjust and unfair conditions and policies.
        
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- - - - On August 12, the Spanish signed an armistice
      - Spain also surrendered the Philippines to the United States in exchange for $20 million.
      - On April 25, 1898, Congress declared war on Spain.
      - 7-4 The complex relationship between the United States and its neighbors to the south was largely forged in the early years of the twentieth century
        
        The U.S. naval fleet could now move freely between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The canal was a valuable property that the United States would protect. This meant that the U.S. would involve itself in Latin America.
        
        Woodrow Wilson hoped to avoid further imperialism by the United States. He sought to promote democracy in other nations as a means of preventing war and revolution.
        
        John Hay negotiated a treaty with Colombia. The treaty gave the United States control of a piece of land across the isthmus for 99 years. For this the United States would pay $10 million, plus an annual rent of $250,000.
        
        8-1 World War I was a catastrophe that was many years in the making.
        
        The military buildup made countries nervous. In response, they created an alliance system
        
        The Germans first used poison gas against Allied troops in April 1915. The gas could kill or seriously injure anyone who breathed it. A British officer described the effects of a gas attack:
        
        To aid in their quest for empire, European powers strengthened their armies and navies. When one nation increased its military strength, its rivals felt threatened and built up as well.
        
        8-2 The United States found it was unable to pursue its goal of neutrality, and the country eventually entered World War I.
        
        Both sides in the war used propaganda
        
        The British navy stopped and searched American ships headed for German ports. Often, they not only searched the ships, but seized the goods they carried.
        
        President Wilson had long said that the United States should be neutral in the war in Europe. Most Americans supported this view. They did not think that the war concerned them. This view expressed in an editorial in a New York newspaper spoke for many:
        
        8-3 The United States helped bring an end to the terrible destruction of World War I.
        
        The convoy system worked well. In one year, Allied shipping losses dropped from 900,000 tons per month to 300,000 tons per month. Not one American soldier bound for Europe was lost to a submarine attack.
        
        German leaders realized their hopes of winning the war were gone. American troops and supplies had strengthened the Allied war effort. In addition, Germans on the home front were suffering greatly from severe shortages of food and other supplies.
        
        By 1917 the years of trench warfare had exhausted the Allied armies. The signs of strain among the military were clear.
        
        8-4 The war effort demonstrated the American people's ability to work hard and make sacrifices.
        
        Millions of men had left their jobs to serve in the armed forces. Also, immigration slowed sharply during the war. Fewer immigrants were arriving to take on the jobs.
        
        8-5 The end of World War I touched off a vigorous debate about the proper role of the United States in the world.
        
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        The board pressured businesses to grant workers some key demands. As a result, employees won an eight-hour work day. They also received overtime pay, equal pay for women, and the right to form unions. In return, workers agreed not to go
        
        Now at war, the country had to produce food not only for its own needs but also for the Allies. President Wilson chose Herbert Hoover to head a new Food Administration. The agency encouraged farmers to raise more and the public to eat less.
- - - - In 1929 the United States produced goods and services worth $104 billion. In 1932 output dropped to $58 billion.
      - By 1932 about 25 percent of American workers were out of work. The unemployment rate remained near 20 percent throughout the 1930s.
      - october 29th the stock market crashed.
      - 10-2 The New Deal involved government in social and economic concerns and changed the way government relates to its citizens.
        
        the FDR proposals that Congress passed came to be called the "New Deal." This sweeping set of laws and regulations affected banking, the stock market, industry, agriculture, public works, relief for the poor, and conservation of resources. In fact, the New Deal changed the face of the United States dramatically.
        
        On the last day of the Hundred Days—June 16, 1933—Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).
        
        Roosevelt ordered all banks closed for four days. Congress passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act to help banks reorganize. Those that passed government inspection could then reopen. The goal was to assure people they could trust their bank.
        
        10-3 The Great Depression affected the lives of millions of people, especially on the Great Plains, where terrible drought added to the misery.
        
        Thousands of Dust Bowl farmers went bankrupt and had to give up their farms. About 400,000 migrated to California. They became migrant workers, moving from place to place to harvest crops. Local people called the migrants "Okies," after the state of Oklahoma from which many had come.
        
        About 400,000 African American men, women, and children migrated to northern cities in the 1930s. These migrants did not fare much better in the North, however. The jobless rate for African Americans remained high.
        
        Desperation drove women into the workforce. Many people felt that women should not hold jobs as long as so many men were unemployed. In addition, women usually earned less than men. Yet the earnings of a woman helped many families survive.
        
        10-4 People still debate the impact of the New Deal on the Depression and on the nation overall.
        
        In August 1935, Congress passed the Social Security Act. The act placed a tax on workers and employers. Money from the tax paid for monthly pensions for retired people.
        
        Roosevelt also ran into trouble with the economy. In 1937 economic recovery seemed to be in full swing. Then, a new economic downturn took hold and lasted into 1938.
        
        Many businesses felt that the new deal put to much power to the government
        
        11-1
        
        n 1935 his army conquered the African nation of Ethiopia. The League of Nations made a mild protest. Italy left the League and continued its expansion. In 1939 Mussolini's forces invaded Italy's neighbor, Albania.
        
        March 1936, Adolf Hitler ordered troops into Germany's Rhineland. Even though the Versailles treaty forbade Germany from having troops in this area, there was little complaint.
        
        He quickly outlawed rival political parties and ended democratic rule in Italy. Civil liberties and a free press ceased to exist. Meanwhile, Mussolini built up Italy's military.
        
        11-2 War began in Europe, and the United States found itself drawn in-despite the widespread desire for neutrality.
        
        Stalin also forced Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia to allow Soviet military bases on their soil. When he tried to do the same to Finland, war broke out between the two nations. The Finns held out heroically until March 1940 before surrendering.
        
        Stalin also forced Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia to allow Soviet military bases on their soil. When he tried to do the same to Finland, war broke out between the two nations. The Finns held out heroically until March 1940 before surrendering.
        
        September 1, 1939, Hitler sent his armies into Poland. Two days later, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. World War II had begun.
        
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        11-3 Getting ready for and fighting World War II brought out the best in the people of the United States.
        
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