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biology chapter 19 and 27 (bacteria and viruses (bacteria (ways of…

- - - - shapes
        
        helix -a spiral shape that can be used for the capsid of a virus
        
        icosahedron -a polyhedron with 12 sides that can be used for the capsid of a virus
      - structure
        
        capsid -protein that protects virus genes
        
        capsomere -protein subunits that make up a capsied
        
        envelope -part of the host cell's membrane that the virus takes with it
    - - antiviral -supports a person's immune system in defense against a virus
      - vaccine -the protein of a virus without the DNA, used to train a person's immune system
    - - bacteriophage -the viruses that infect bacteria
      - enterovirus -a single stranded RNA virus
      - host range -the limited number of host species that a virus can infect
      - retrovirus -an RNA virus that turns RNA into DNA using a enzyme called reverse transcriptase
        
        for example HIV that causes AIDS when active
        
        provirus -prophage that never leaves hosts genome
    - - lysogenic cycle -virus DNA becomes part of host DNA and is replicated alongside it without producing more viruses
        
        temperate phage - virus that can remain lysogenic before becoming lytic
        
        prophage -viral DNA in a bacterial chromosome that is not turned into a virus (for now), leaves bacteria's genome at start of lytic cycle
      - lytic cycle -virus gives its genes to bacteria and bacteria replaces its own DNA with it, becomes a virus producing factory and releases the viruses while dying
        
        virulent phage -virus that is always in the lytic cycle
      - vector -carrier of a disease causing agent
        
        for example, Mosquitos in the spreading of malaria
    - - transposon -a mobile piece of viral DNA
      - prion -proteins
      - viroid -a piece of infectious nucleic acid
  - - - shapes
        
        spirillum -spiral shaped bacteria
        
        communities
        
        strep -a chain of bacteria
        
        biofilm -a cooperation between prokaryotes that coats a surface, produce polysaccharides and proteins that stick it all together
        
        staph -a cluster of bacteria
        
        bacillus- rod shaped bacteria
        
        coccus -spherical prokaryotic bacteria occurring singly or diploid or in chains of many cells (staphylococcus) or in clusters like grapes or in tetrococcus
      - structure
        
        pili -shorter than fimbriae, used to pull bacteria together for DNA transfer
        
        neucleoid -a region of cytoplasm containing bacteria's chromosomes, not enclosed by a membrane
        
        plasmids -single rings of a few genes of DNA that independently replicate
        
        taxis -movement because of stimulus, such as chemicals, toxins, nutrients or oxygen, can be very fast
        
        flagellum -filament attached to a hook powered by a motor, used to propel bacteria
        
        fimbriae -hairlike appendages made of protein, to attach to stuff
        
        capsule -polysaccharide or protein around a cell wall, used to adhere to stuff, protect against dehydration, and protect from attacks from immune system
    - - reverse transcriptase -an enzyme in bacteria that allows retrovirus RNA to turn into DNA
      - restriction enzyme -a bacterial enzyme that cuts DNA in specific places
      - genetic recombination -eukaryotes don't have sex, but they can still have genetic diversity
        
        different mechanisms for sharing DNA
        
        transformation -a prokaryotic cell taking in foreign DNA and replacing its own DNA with it
        
        conjugation -when a bacteria gives DNA to another bacteria using a pillus, sometimes from a plasmid, sometimes from a bacterial chromosome
        
        F factor -the ability to form pili and donate DNA
        
        transduction -when a virus (phage) is accidentally built with a bacteria's DNA instead of virus DNA and injects it into a another bacteria
        
        R plasmids -resistance to to an antibiotic
    - - oxygen
        
        facultative anaerobe -can live with or without oxygen
        
        obligate anaerobe -cannot have oxygen, poisoned by it. live by fermentation or chemical energy
      - carboncompounds
        
        chemoautotroph -produces energy from inorganic chemicals and gets carbon from CO2 and HCO3
        
        chemoheterotroph -gets energy from organic compounds
      - light
        
        cyanobacteria -the only bacteria that obtain energy through photosynthesis
        
        photoautotroph -uses light energy to synthesize organic compounds from CO2
        
        photoheterotroph -uses light to create energy, but has to keep carbon in organic form
      - heterocyst -cells that do nitrogen fixation (obligate anaerobes)
        
        nitrogen fixation -convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3), needs to happen for plants to live
    - - peptidoglycan -a polymer in bacterial cell walls made of modified sugars and short polypeptides
        
        gram positive -bacteria with simple cell walls made of mostly
        peptidoglycan
        
        gram negative -more complex, less peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides
      - archea -lovers of extreme environments, a kind of eukaryote that shares traits with bacteria
        
        halophile -love highly salty conditions, unable to survive in salinity below 9%
        
        thermophile -lovers of very hot environments, their DNA and proteins do not denature at extremely hot temperatures
        
        Methanogens -anaerobes that produce methane during their way of making energy
      - bacillus -rod shaped bacteria, both a shape and a classification
    - - viruses
        
        CRISPER Cas system -cuts DNA sequences to protect bacteria against viruses
      - humans
        
        uses
        
        bioremediation -use of organisms to decompose pollutants, such as oil spills or litter
        
        antibiotic -a type of antimicrobial medicine to fight infections
    - - binary fission -like mitosis but for bacteria, how they reproduce asexually
    - - commensalism -one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefitted
      - mutualism -a symbiotic relationship where both species benefit
        
        for example, the many species of bacteria that live in people's guts, the bacteria are able to get food, and in return they digest things and build vitamins and nutrients humans need
      - parasitism -one benefits and the other is harmed, but not usually killed
        
        for example, pathogenic bacteria cause many diseases in humans usually by
        
        exotoxins -poisons secreted by bacteria or other organisms
        
        for example Clostridium botulinum releases botulinum toxin as it decomposes food
        
        endotoxins -parts of the outer membrane of a bacteria that poison the thing they are infecting, released only when the bacteria die
        
        for example Salmonella in poultry and other foods causes food poisoning in humans
      - partners
        
        symbiont -smaller partner, lives on host
        
        host -larger partner