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NETWORK+ (ETHERNET (ETHERNET FRAME (PREAMBLE (7 Bytes, 56 Alternating…

- - - - 7 Bytes
      - 56 Alternating 1's and 0's -
        1010101010101...
        used for synchronization
    - - 1 byte
      - Start Frame Delimiter - Designates end of preamble
    - - 6 bytes
    - - 6 bytes
    - - 2 bytes
      - Describes data contained in payload
    - - 46-1500 bytes
      - Layer 3 and higher data
    - - 4 bytes
      - Frame Check Sequence - CRC checksum of the frame
  - - - 10BaseFL
        
        10Mbps (full duplex)
        
        Fiber Optic
    - - 100BaseTX
        
        100Mbps (half-duplex)
        
        200Mbps (full-duplex)
    - - 1000BaseCX
      - 1000BaseSX
      - 1000BaseLX
    - - 10GBaseLR
- - - - LDAP over SSL
  - - - Uses port 67 to find a BOOTP server
    - - Carries the DHCP service on the BOOTP protocol
    - - The actual protocol that assigns addresses to devices when a device boots up without user involvement
- - - - Internet Message Access Protocol
      - Includes management of email
        inbox from multiple clients
    - - Post Office Protocol
      - Receive emails from email server
- - - - (ping)
- - - - Used to identify group members and to forward multicast packets where group members reside
      - Process
        
        Hosts that are members of any group respond with list of groups they belong to
        
        224.0.0.1 - 239.255.255.255
        
        Router uses responses to compose a list of groups on the subnet that have group members
        
        When a host joins a new group, it automatically sends a join group message to the router.
        
        Router sends out host information query 224.0.0.1
        
        IGMP router reports to upstream routers that they have members of a specific group
        
        Upstream routers are the routers that exist between the router and the server that sends out the multicast data stream. They keep track of downstream routers that have group members
    - - Unicast
        
        Messages are sent to a specific host address. The sending device must know the IP address of all recipients, and must create a separate packet for each destination device (one-to-one)
      - Broadcast
        
        A single packet is sent to the broadcast and is processed by all hosts. All hosts, and not just group members, receive the packet. Broadcast packets are not typically forwarded by routers, so broadcast traffic is limited to within a single subnet
    - - Sending server sends packets addressed to the multicast group
      - Routers receive the multicast packets and check their lists of group members
        
        If the router is connected to a subnet that has group members, or if the subnet includes a downstream router with group members, the multicast packet is sent on that subnet
        
        If a subnet does not have any group members, the packet is not forwarded on that subnet
        
        If a router does not have any subnets with group members, the packet is dropped and not forwarded
      - Each intermediary router performs the same tasks until the data stream eventually reaches the multicast client
    - - MAC address begins with 01-00-5e
        
        The last portion being a form of the IP multicast group address
      - Frames that contain multicast traffic are sent to a special MAC address
      - IGMP snooping on a switch allows the switch to control which ports get IGMP traffic for a specific group.
      - Multicasting creates logical groups of hosts, messages sent to the group are received by all group members.
  - - - A
        
        1.0.0.0 - 126.255.255.255
        
        Subnet: 255.0.0.0
      - B
        
        128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
        
        Subnet: 255.255.0.0
      - C
        
        192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
        
        Subnet: 255.255.255.0
      - D
        
        224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
      - E
        
        240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255
  - - - Multicast
        
        Represents a dynamic group of hosts
        
        Packets sent to a multicast address are sent to all interfaces identified by that address.
        
        All multicast addresses have an FF00::/8 prefix
        
        Link Local Multicast addresses have only an FF02::/16 prefix
        
        FF02 addresses are not forwarded by routers
        
        Multicast address with an FF01::/16 are restricted to a single node
        
        Addresses
        
        FF02::1 is for all nodes on the local link
        
        FF02::2 is for all routers on the local link.
        
        FF01::2 is for all routers on node-local
        
        FF02::1:2 is for all DHCP relay agents on the local link. DHCP agents forward these packets to other subnets
        
        There are no broadcast addresses in IPv6. Multicast Addresses are used instead
      - Unicast
        
        Unique Local
        
        Equivalent to private addressing on IPv4
        
        Private addresses used for communication within a site or between limited number of sites that never cross a public network
        
        Cannot be used on a Public network without Address Translation
        
        Addressing with FC00 or FD00 prefix are unique local addresses
        
        The other 40 bits are used for the Global ID
        
        The remaining 16 bits in the prefix are used for subnet information
        
        Global Unicast
        
        Assigned to interfaces that are globally unique
        
        Link Local
        
        Link-local addresses can only be used on the same subnet
        
        Link-local addresses start with FE80::/10 prefix
        
        Includes any address beginning with FE8, FE9, FEA, FEB
        
        All nodes must have at least one link-local address, although it can have multiple addresses
        
        Are used for automatic address configuration, for neighbor discovery, or for subnets that have no routers
        
        Do not use link-local IPv6 address on routed networks. Routers never forward packets destined for link-local addresses to other subnets
      - Anycast
        
        Anycast is a unicast address that is assigned to more than one interface, typically belonging to different hosts
        
        Assigning the same unicast address to more than one interface makes it an anycast address
        
        You can have a link-local, unique local, or global unicast address
        
        Can be used to find the nearest server of a specific type (DNS, NTP, ...
      - Loopback
        
        The local loopback address for the local host is 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 (::1 or ::1/128)
        
        Not assigned to an interface
        
        Can be used to verify if TCP/IP protocol stack is properly installed on the host
  - - - Header
        
        Source/Destination IP
      - Payload
        
        Depends on protocol
    - - Static
        
        Manually added to router
        
        Default route: 0.0.0.0
      - Dynamic
        
        Implemented by enabling a routing protocol
        
        Routing protocols use metric information to insert the best hop into the routing table
    - - Interior Routing
        
        Interior routing is done in an Autonomous System (AS)
      - Exterior Routing
        
        Exterior routing is done between Autonomous Systems
        
        Routing of backbone of the internet
    - - Next hop
      - Routing Table
      - Default Route
      - Loopback Entry
    - - Hop Count
      - Bandwidth
      - Throughput
      - Link Utilization
      - Load
      - MTU
      - Packet Loss
      - Latency
      - Reliability
    - - Link State
        
        OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
        
        Best suited for large private network
        
        IGP
        
        V1 Classfull / V2 Classless
        
        Uses relative link cost for the metric
        
        Divides a large network into areas
        
        Each (AS) requires an area 0 that identifies the network backbone
        
        All areas are connected to area 0, either directly or indirectly through another area
        
        Routes between areas must pass through area 0
        
        A router is the boundary between one area another
        
        IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)
        
        Uses relative link-state
        
        Classless
        
        Divides large networks into areas with no 0 requirement
        
        L1 routers share routes with in area. L2 routers share routes between areas
        
        Best suited for large private networks larger than OSPF
        
        Typically used in an ISP with IPv6
      - Distance Vector
        
        RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
        
        IGP
        
        Uses Hop Count as Metric
        
        Limited to 15 hops
        
        Best suited for small private networks
      - Hybrid
        
        EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
        
        Routing protocol developed by Cisco
        
        Classless
        
        Uses a composite number as a metric, which indicates bandwidth and delay
        
        Best suited for medium to large private networks
        
        BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
        
        EGP
        
        Uses paths, Rules, and policies instead of a metric
        
        Classless
        
        Protocol used on the Internet
    - - Allows you to connect a private network to the Internet without obtaining registered addresses for every host
      - Translates private addresses to the public NAT router
- - - - 100 MHZ
      - 100 MBPS
    - - 100 MHZ
      - 1 GBPS
    - - 250 MHZ
      - 10 GBPS
    - - 16 MHZ
      - 16 MBPS
    - - 600 MHZ
      - 10+ GBPS
    - - 500 MHZ
      - 10 GBPS
  - - - 50 OHM
    - - 75 OHM
    - - 75 OHM
- - - - DSSS (at lower rates)
      - OFDM, QPSK, BPSK (at higher rates)
  - - - 5GHz - 23
      - 2.4GHz - 11
    - - Adds bandwidth by using multiple antennas
      - Allows up to 4 receiving and 4 sending antennas
    - - 802.11n changes frame composition resulting in less overhead
  - - - 5GHz
      - Up to 160MHz-wide channels
    - - Multi-User Multiple Input Multiple Output
      - Allows multiple users to use the channel
      - Doubled the MIMO radio streams from 4 to 8
    - - 802.11ac added 4 fields to the wireless frame, which identifies as very high throughput (VHT)