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blood (red blood cells (erythrocytes) (enzymes (glycolytic enzymes,…
blood
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
function in O2 and CO2 transport
bioconcave disk with flexible membrane
large surface area-favors diffusion
no nucleus or organelles
due to this, they don't divide
enzymes
glycolytic enzymes
carbonic anhydrase
life span of 120 days
filtered in spleen and liver
plasma
ions
especially Na+
proteins
albumin
function as carrier proteins
maintain oncotic pressure
fibrinogen
occlusion (clotting)
globulins
nutrients
amino acids
vitamins
glucose
90% water
wastes
urea
bilirubin
creatine
clotting factors
produced by liver and secreted into blood in inactive form
activated during clotting cascade
plasma without clotting factors called serum
hemophilia genetic disorder with deficencies in clotting factors
blood volume
hematopoiesis (where cells that are in blood are created
fetus
first site: yolk sac
second site: liver
birth
bone marrow
erythropoiesis (how red blood cells are created)
made in the bone marrow
around reticulocyte stage, moves to blood vessel to mature
needs hormone erythropoietin from kidney to mature
triggers differentiation of stem cells
blood originally has nucleus to make all of its proteins, but nucleus degrades at normoblast step
roughly 2 days for blood to mature from hemocytoblast to erythrocyte
requirements for erythrocyte production
Iron
component of hemoglobin
folic acid
necessary for DNA replication
vitamin B12
white blood cells (leukocytes)
defense of the body
divided into two types
granulocytes (cytoplasmic granules)
eosinophils
defend against parasitic worms
granules contain toxic molecules to attack parasites
basophils
non-phagocytic
contribute to allergic reactions (histamines)
neutrophils
phagocytic
numbers increase during infection
agranulocytes (no cytoplasmic granules)
monocytes
phagocytic
migrate to tissues and become macrophages
lymphocytes
B cells
T cells
thirst response
based on tonicity of blood (conc. of solutes in blood not including H2O
high tonicity
water leaves from osmoreceptor to blood vessel
osmoreceptor shrinks, opens TRPV
Na+, Ca2+, K+ enters cell, depolarizes cell
osmoreceptor fires AP, releases ADH, feeling of thirst
low tonicity
water leaves blood vessel to osmoreceptor
osmoreceptor swells and TRPV closes
AP stops firing
hypothalamus
osmoreceptors (cells of hypothalamus
aquaporin 4
transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV
mechanically gated cation channel
platelet cells
cytoplasmic fragments from thrombocytes
no organells, but do have granules
granules contain secretory products
serotonin
epinephrine
ADP
hemostasis: physological mechanism to stop bleeding
3 step process
formation of platelet plug
forms around site of vessel damage
results in decreased blood loss
plug formation necessary for production of blood clot
epithelial cells release von willebrand factor
allows free flowing platelets to bind to collagen
collagen needed for clotting
no collagen=death
platelet vesicles have ADP and serotonin
causes positive feedback loop, more platelets to go to spot, release thromboxin
enzymes involved
PGl2
inhibits platelet aggregatopm
CD39
dephosphorylates ADP to AMP, limiting where platelet can form
NO
NO is a basal dilater
blood coagulation (clotting
blood converted into solid gell
occurs around platelet plug
dominant hemostatic defense mechanism
caused by cascade of plasma enzyme activations
vascular spasm
results from damage to blood vessel
damaged tissue secretes factor that causes contraction
blood vessels constrict to minimize blood loss
endothelial layer becomes sticky to help clotting