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Virus (Infects (Plants (Horizontal Transmission (infected through external…
Virus
Infects
Host
is part of a symbiotic relationship
Host Range
who they can infect
depending on the surface proteins & receptor molecules
Bacteriophage
have complex capsids
infects bactria
the capsids has a icosahedral shape
Poliovirus
damage caused is permeate
Vector
caries a pathogen
mature nerves can not make more cells and are not replaced
Plants
Horizontal Transmission
infected through external source
if damage its easier to get infected
bugs and tools
Vertical Transmission
viral infection inherit from a parent
sexual reproduction (seeds)
Plasmodesmata
virus spread through out
Viroid
is smaller than a virus
no protein coat only nucleic acids
Prions
proteins that also infect
cows tend to carry (meat)
symptoms take years to become known
there is no cure for the disease
cause disease in the brain
a protein that is not folded correctly
causes that good ones to miss fold as well
Pathogen
anything that causes a disease
Emerging Virus
Epidemic
illness that has spread in an area(country)
Pandemic
illness that is spreading quick crossing boarder line ( world wide )
Mutations
virus turns into a different strain
infects people who were immune to the original virus
spreading of a disease for a small portion of people
international travel people are not immune to others places infections
Blood Transfusions
Animals pass virus that don't infect them
Surface Proteins
identifies the virus version
Hemaggluntinn
16 help the host attack the virus attack host
Nueuraminidase
9 enzyme that helps release virus from infected cell
Defenses
CRISPR-Cas system
DNA of phage= between 2 repeats
Triggers transcription (RNA)
pieces of RNA+
Cas Protein
RNA & Phage DNA combine
cut up the phage DNA
Restriction Enzyme
cut up the viral DNA
aren't able to replicate
Only some phages have them
Vaccines
small amount of the pathogen
helps the immune system fight of pathogen in the future
Antiviral
interfere with viral nucleic acid synthesis
does not help someone recover
it just stops the virus from replicating
Origin?
They are not considers alive
Don't metabolism, reproduce
Plasmids
circular DNA (small)
bacteria & unicellular Eukaryotas (yeast)
can replicate dependent of bacteria & are apart
are usually passed down to other cells
Transposons
segments of DNA
move within a cell's genome
Mimivirus
has genes for protein folding & DNA repair
is not usual for virus to do
Classification
Double or single RNA & DNA
most are RNA
Mutations occur the most
Retrovirus
are more complicated to replicate (animals)
RNA (HIV)
Reverse Transcription
when RNA is made into DNA
it is usually the other way around
Provirus
DNA enters the nucleus & combines to the chromosome
once its inside it NERVER leaves
Structure
Capsid
protein shell that encloses the genome of a virus
Rod-Shaped
Polyhedral
more complex
Is made up of
Capsomeres
are protein subunits
Envelope
are found only in some virus
help infect host
surrounds the capsid
come from hosts membrane
some might come from the nucleus
Glycoproteins
bind to receptor molecules
Replication
Lystic Cycle
results in the death of the host cell
cell breaks releases phages
Virulent Phage
is only replicated through lytic
Lysogenic Cycle
does not kill the host
remains dominate until triggered
as cells divide they contain the viral DNA
Temperate Phage
in the longer run is more aggressive than lystic
Ex; Lambda
Prophage
DNA from the virus is in the bactira chromosome
Bacteria
Classification
Prokaryotic
adapt well to environments
Chemoautotroph
inorganic compounds for energy
carbon = CO2
Chemoheterotroph
Organic compounds for energy & carbon
circular chromosomes
do not have a nucleus
Cyanobacteria
gram negative & photoautotrophs
Phototrophs
get energy form the sun
Metabolism
Obligated Aerobes
need O2 to grow &cellular respiration
Obligated Anaerobes
get poised from O2
get chemical energy
Facultative Anaerobes
can live in and out of O2
Biofilms
surface coating colonies
can damage medical equipment
Bioremedication
removes contamination (filter ,gravel)
Nitrogen Fixation
nitrogen N2 is turned into ammonia
by cyanobacteria and methanogens
Heterocysts
ONLY carry out nitrogen fixation
Archaea
Live in extreme environments with sometime no oxygen
old bacteria
Halophiles
live in environments where the salt levels are high (extreme)
Thermophile
temperature loving (very hot environments)
Methanogen
makes meth= waste product
moderate environment
Structure
Cell wall
protects them from hypotonic environments
Peptidoglycan
encloses the bacteria
Gram Stain
used to classify Bactria (cell wall)
Crystal Violate stain (purple)
Iodine (shrinks the cell)
Alcohol (rinses off)
Safraini (makes the - visible pink)
Gram Positive
a thick layer of peptidoglycan
is treated easier with antibiotics
stains purple
Gram Negative
thin layer of peptidoglycan & lipoplysaccharides
is harder for antibiotic to work
stain pink(stafeanin)
Capsule
surrounds the cell wall (sticky)
helps them not dehydrate
Fimbriae
help bacteria stick to cells
Pili
sex pilus links cells together
Taxis
moving away or towards (flagella)
wiggle away from toxin area
wiggle towards nutrients
Nucleoid
chromosomes are in this area
Plasmids
smaller rings of DNA only caries few genes
Coccus
spherical prokaryotic
Bacillus
Rod shaped bacteria
Spirillum
lose coils (corkscrew-head)
Reproduction?
Binary Fusion
cells divide 1=2
Genetic Recombination
DNA from 2 sources combined
Horizontal Gene Transfer
genes form 2 different species cross
Transformation
bacteria takes up foreign DNA
Transduction
phages carry genes form one host to another
genes of different cells
when it gets to the chromosome it is a recombination
Conjugation
DNA is transferred between 2 cells (temporary)
The donor gives the DNA to the recipient
the pilus connects the 2 cells
mating bridge DNA is transferred
F Factor
the making of the pili (25 genes)
plasmid or segment of DNA
F+ donate F- receive
when trassfered DNA F- becomes F+
recombined cell
R Plasmids
bacteria have some genes that are resistant to some antibiotics
Mutations of bacteria make it difficult for antibiotics to work
this is problem for treating bacteria infections
Relationships
Symbiosis
a partner ship between two different species
is the smaller species
symbiont
Mutualism
both the species benefit from the relationship
Commensalism
1 species benefits while the other is not harmed
Parastism
1 benefits and the host is harmed
Pathogenic
illness by producing illnes
Exotoxins
are proteins that are secreted (bacteria)
Ex' Cholera
Endotoxins
are from the outer layer (gram negative)
released when the bacteria dies (breaks)
with stand heat
Defenses
Endospores
not enough water & nutrients
copy of the chromosome is created
which is surrounded by a multilayered
help some Bactria in harsh conditions (resistance cell)
can survive boiling temp
dominate for a longg period