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Viruses (A virus is an infectious nonliving organism. (A capsid is a…

- - - - bacteriophages are complex capsids are found among the viruses that infect bacteria or simply phages.
        
        There are seven phages: type 1 (T1), type 2 (T2), (T3), (T4), (T5),(T6) and (T7). The three "T- even" phages (T2, T4, T6) have similar structures
        
        They have elongated capsids heads closing their DNA attaching protein is a tall piece with fibers to the bacteria cell.
        
        Bacterial defenses against phages: natural selection favors bacterial mutants with receptor sites that do not recognize phages types, bacteria make restrictive enzymes that recognize and cut unknown DNA (phage DNA), restricts phage from infecting bacteria, and chemically modifies bacteria's DNA to prevent restrictive enzymes from being destroyed.
- - - - Prions are proteins that appear because of the number of degenerate brain diseases in various animal species.
        
        These diseases include scrapie in sheep; mad cow disease.
        
        Viruses damage and kill the cell by triggering the release of hydrolytic enzymes. Some viruses can cause infected cells to produce toxins that lead to symptoms of disease.
        
        the three processes that lead to the emergence of new diseases are:mutation of existing viruses, viral disease spread from small isolated populated to a widespread epidemic, and spreading of existing viruses from one host cell to another.
        
        Horizontal routes of viral transmission is plants is that a plant is that the plant is infected by an external source while a the vertical routes of transmission is caused by the plant inheriting a viral infection from parent ( asexual or sexual reproduction).
        
        Non-replicating protein can act as a transmissible pathogen when prion gets into the cell and connects that protein of the cell to the prion version that creates a chain reaction increasing the number.
        
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- - - - Viruses obligate intracellular parasite so they can replicate only within a host cell.
        
        Lytic cycle is a phage replicative cycle that peak in the death of the host cells.
        
        lysogenic cycle allows replication of the phage genome without destroying the host.
        
        The main difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle is that virulent phage only replicate in the lytic cycle of T4 (similar to lambda) and destroy the host while the lysogenic replicates without destroying the host.
        
        Temperate phages are phages that are capable of using both models of replicating within the bacteria (lambda).
        
        porphage is when the viral DNA is integrated into the bacterial chromosome.
        
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