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Socio Cognitive Issues in Coaching Psychology (Imagery & rehearsal…

- - - - Conditions for Less leads to more: 1. There must be choice 2. Person feels responsible for behaviour 3. Payment must feel legitimate (not bribe)
    - - Behaviour should maximise consistency with desired goal/self image and minimise consistency with unhelpful self image
      - Don't overly reward for doing desired behaviour. (Beware too much praise)
      - Goals must be freely chosen
      - Goal attainment should be presented as effortful/challenging to maximise motivation
  - - - Comparator (testing function, evaluation)
      - Sensor (reality testor, feedback)
      - Standard (image, vision, goal)
      - Activator (plan, change agent, modification)
    - - Positive = avoidance ie move behaviour away from undesired standard
        eg running away from the bear
      - Negative = approach -
        reduce discrepancy between observed value and standard
        eg run towards safety
    - - No explanation of reason for behaviour change 2. Overly simplistic 3. No explanation of how goal developed 4. Not all behaviour is self regulated 5. No explanation for how action plans formed 6.Unsophisticated version of CD
- - - - Self Handicapping
        
        Construction of obstacles to successful performance used to protect self esteem
        
        Behavioural - actually lower chance of success
        
        Claimed - sandbagging - questionable
        
        Emotion focused coping strategy
        
        Can lower anxiety and improve performance
        
        Conditions that elicit self handicapping
        
        Importance of the event
        
        Strong cohesion in group
        
        3 Strong need to fulfil performance expectations
        
        Chronic lack of self esteem
        
        Benefits
        
        Protects self esteem
        Costs
        
        leads to avoidance
        
        lower self esteem
        
        Lower positive affect
        
        Higher negative affect
        
        Coaching strategies
        
        Emotion focused coping strategy need better coping strategy
        
        Cognitive restructuring
        
        Shared mental model - address pressure to perform & link to self esteem +
        
        Viable alternative
        
        Address the metacognitive level - Awareness of what is happening
        
        Mastery/learning goals less likely to lead to self handicapping
- - - - Process approach
        
        Process aimed at maintaining homeostatis.
        
        Trauma model - Resilience is outcome of stress response to traumatic experience
        
        Biosychospiritual balance model - Mind body spirit balance threatened by stressors
        
        Responses -
        
        Growth,
        
        Recovery with loss
        
        Return to homeostatis
        
        Dysfunctional coping
      - Resilience as a trait
        
        Stable characteristic of individual
      - Resilience programs
        
        PWB linked to work related outcomes
        
        Training re dealing with workplace stressors can increase health and engagement
        
        Workplace interventions should be good for staff and orgs
        
        Limited evidence of efficacy - except for SWB * mental health
      - Problem with conception of resilience
        
        Resilience is a relation not a property (ie outcome)
        
        Individual is the wrong unit of analysis
        
        Relationship between person & context
        
        Resilience is possession of redundant resources to deal with the environment
      - Challenges building resilience
        Need to think at all levels of organisation
        
        Identify challenges
        
        Identify resources
        
        Personal characteristics - capacity
        
        Team and organisation - team function, support for people, create redundant capacity - learn, adapt, fail, recover
      - Alternative definition of resilience
        
        Resilience - ability of a system to cope with and bounce back from adversity
        
        Enabled by possession of redundant capacity available when system is under pressure
        
        redundant capacities are internal & external resources sufficient to the challenge
        
        Relationship between the individual and the wider system
        * Effective access to relevant resources to meet the challenge for the time the challenge exists
- - - - 1. Stimulus - External environment
        *Event or circumstance
        
        Classes - cataclysmic, Major, daily hassles
        *Problems - ignores predictability, level of control
      - 2. Stress as response - physical/mental/emotional response to any demand
      - 3. Stress- relationship between person and environment. Involves appraisal
        
        1. Primary appraisal
        Is the event a threat?
        *Stressful
        
        Benign/positive
        
        irrelevant
        
        2. Secondary appraisal
        
        Assess what resources/strategies are available?
        
        Are they likely to avert the expected negative outcome?
        
        Can the strategy be implemented?
        
        3. Reappraisal
        Feedback loop following any change - revising/learning
  - - - Coping & Goal attainment
        
        Dispositional negative affect - use avoidant coping styles
        
        Dispositional positive affect - use task oriented coping patterns
      - Socratic questioning
        
        Useful where coping strategy is faulty
        
        Not useful where appraisal is accurate and stress arises from conflict with values/norms
      - Energy Anxiety Stress & Sustainability
        
        Yerkes Dodson Curve with Karoshi noted in the Stretch, High performance zone
        
        Baumeisters ego depletion theory - energy for self regulation is limited. Decision making/self regulation deplete energy & person can be subject to burnout
- - - - Progressive muscle relaxation
        Reduce stress by:
        
        Direct relaxation
        
        Learning that muscle tension is cue to practice relaxation
        
        Classical conditioning - pairing tension reduction with word
        
        Exposure & response prevention when paired with imaginal exercises
      - Eliciting relaxation response
        Mechanical
        
        Repeat word, phrase or muscular activity
        
        Passively disregard everyday thoughts and return to repetition
      - Contrast to fight or flight
      - Relaxation with imaginal exposure
        Most effective when aid in modifying self knowledge
        Counter productive if escape behaviour
    - - Fundamentals
        
        Limited attentional capacity
        
        Self Reg Exec Function scans lower level info first
        
        Processing unconscious
        
        Content of SREF appraisals & strategies impacted by self beliefs
        
        Strategy selection important
    - - Pathway to effectiveness
        Access to different information
        Wider range of effective behavioural choices
        More effective self regulation
        Greater autonomous goal selection
        Wellbeing, goal attainment, resilience, relationships, engagement, reduced stress